Cocaine causing

Cocaine causes profound mental stimulation, behaviorally evidenced by increased talkativeness and activity, flight of ideas, euphoria, and inflated self-esteem. Fatigue is offset and there is a reduced need for sleep. Supression of appetite also occurs. 

Vascular effects Cocaine causes increases in blood pressure and heart rate, which fall to normal levels between doses (Foltin et al. 1995). Tachyphylaxis develops to the cardiovascular effects, even within a single session. Concurrent use of ethanol, cannabis, and cocaine causes even greater cardiovascular effects than those of each drug alone. Interactions can also occur with antidepressant drugs like desipramine. 

Q75 Cocaine causes agitation, tachycardia and hypertension. Cocaine stimulates the central nervous system. 

Studies of sudden death in novice as well as experienced drug abusers found that cocaine causes vasoconstriction of the coronary arteries which seems to result from an enhancement of Ca2+ influx across myocardial membranes. However, remember that this class of drug affects other neurotransmitter systems. Cocaine inhbiits reuptake of NE and 5-HT as well as binds to the DA transporter. It increases catecholamine receptor sensitivity but does not seem to directly influence enkephalinergic receptors. In addition it also affects neurotransmission the H, Ach and phenylethylamine pathways. Activation of DA, NE or 5-HT neurons independently does not produce the euphoria associated with cocaine misuse. Euphoria seems to be related to simultaneous inteeraction between catecholamine and serotoninergic systems. 

The psychic damage and addictive force of cocaine has been duly reported over the last few years. Many questions still remain unanswered, such as, does everyone who uses it become addicted Is there such an animal as an "addictive personality" How does cocaine cause sudden death Can this be avoided Are there any drugs which can help to relieve cocaine addiction ... 

Repeated intoxication with cocaine may produce complex adaptations of the dopamine neuronal system, including both tolerance and, indeed, the opposite phenomenon, called sensitization or reverse tolerance. One example of reverse tolerance may be what happens to some abusers on repeated intoxication with cocaine at doses that previously only induced euphoria. In these cases, cocaine causes a behavioral... 

Cocaine is metabolized very quickly by the body. Within minutes, enzymes in the blood and in the liver split the cocaine molecule into two halves, rendering it inactive. Cocaine and its metabolites are excreted in the urine. The body s efficient metabolism of cocaine causes the high to be relatively short-lived. This often causes cocaine users to take several doses of cocaine in a short time, which can increase the chances of an overdose. 

Dopamine - low doses of the dopamine agonist apomorphine increase slow-wave sleep and, like other dopaminometics, cause somnolence in patients with Parkinson s disease. Conversely, dopamine autoreceptor antagonists, which enhance dopamine release, reduce both REM and non-REM sleep. Stimulants such as cocaine cause arousal by activating D2 postsynaptic receptors, effects which are blocked by most neuroleptics. 

Correct choice = D. Cocaine causes peripheral vasoconstriction. 

Cardiovascular effects include tachycardia, hypertension, and increased cardiac irritability large intravenous doses can cause cardiac failure. Cardiac dysrhythmias have been ascribed to a direct toxic effect of cocaine and a secondary sensitization of ventricular tissue to catecholamines (17), along with slowed cardiac conduction secondary to local anesthetic effects. Myocardial infarction has increased as a complication of cocaine abuse (7,8). Dilated cardiomyopathies, with subsequent recurrent myocardial infarction, have been associated with long-term use of cocaine, raising the possibility of chronic effects on the heart (18). Many victims have evidence of pre-existing fixed coronary artery disease precipitated by cocaine (SEDA-9, 35) (19-21). However, myocardial infarction has been noted even in young intranasal users with no evidence of coronary disease (22), defined by autopsy or angiography (23,24). If applied to mucous membranes, cocaine causes local vasoconstriction, and, with chronic use, necrosis. 

The cardiac effects of intracoronary infusion of cocaine have been studied in dogs and humans (42). The procedure can be performed safely and does not alter coronary arterial blood flow. The effects of direct intracoronary infusion of cocaine on left ventricle systolic and diastolic performance have been studied in 20 patients referred for cardiac catheterization for evaluation of chest pain. They were given saline or cocaine hydrochloride (1 mg/minute) in 15-minute intracoronary infusions, and cardiac measurements were made during the final 2-3 minutes of each infusion. The blood cocaine concentration obtained from the coronary sinus was 3.0 pg/ml, which is similar in magnitude to the blood-cocaine concentration reported in abusers who die of cocaine intoxication. Minimal systemic effects were produced. The overall results were that cocaine caused measurable deterioration of left ventricular systolic and diastolic performance. 

In all likelihood, a prolonged Valsalva maneuver while smoking crack cocaine causes of pneumoperitoneum. Repeated, deep, vigorous inhalation can cause an abrupt imbalance of pressures in the pulmonary alveolar-capillary complex. Free air from ruptured alveoli then dissects along fascial planes and can collect in the mediastinum and retroperitoneum. 

Church MW. Does cocaine cause birth defects Neurotoxicol Teratol 1993 15 289 discussion 311-12. 

The effect of a local anaesthetic is terminated by its removal from the site of application. Anything that delays its absorption into the circulation will prolong its local action and can reduce its systemic toxicity where large doses are used. Most local anaesthetics, with the exception of cocaine, cause vascular dilation. The addition of a vasoconstrictor such as adrenaline (epinephrine) reduces local blood flow, slows the rate of absorption of the local anaesthetic, and prolongs its effect the duration of action of lidocaine is doubled from one to two hours. Normally, the final concentration of adrenaline (epinephrine) should be 1 in 200 000, although dentists use up to 1 in 80 000. 

An interaction between clozapine and cocaine, causing near syncope, has been reported (198). 

Cocaine Causes miscarriages, fetal hypoxia (lack of oxygen), low birth weight, tremors, strokes, congenital heart disease, skull defects, and other malformations... 

Cocaine is a very addictive drug. Cocaine is a stimulant—it directly affects your brain. Cocaine stimulates certain nerve cells in the brain, producing feelings of intense pleasure. Users talk about feeling carefree, or relaxed, or utterly in control. But this artificial stimulation comes with a price tag. The high from cocaine lasts only from five to 20 minutes, and you will need more and more cocaine each time you try to match the feelings of that first, initial experience. Cocaine causes severe mood swings and irritability. 

Complications of cocaine use frequently involve cardiovascular events. At higher doses it increases heart rate because of an overall systemic increase in sympathetic tone. At toxic doses, cocaine causes cardiac failure due to a direct effect on myocardial contractility. Cocaine is also pyrogenic, and hyperthermia is observed frequently in cocaine poisoning. Death is usually related to arrhythmias, shock, or convulsions. 

Cocaine and morphine are two very well known alkaloids. Cocaine is a compound extracted from the leaves of the coca plant. Long term usage of cocaine causes addiction and harms the central nervous system. 

The main difference in all of the aforementioned drugs is their varying degrees of uptake inhibition. Cocaine causes a massive overload of dopamine in the synapse by acutely blocking the uptake transporters. Ritalin does this to a lesser degree and... 

Mechanism of t[Pg.311]

Dy 1, Pokuri V, Olichney J, Wiernik P. Levamisole-adulterated in cocaine causing agranulocytosis, vasculopathy, and acquired protein S deficiency. Ann Hematol 2012 91(3) 477-8. 

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