Electronic cloud

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The Modern Theory of Alloys. We thus find that electrical conduetionindicates that, in a metallic lattice, the cloud electrons are/rcc, while specific heat suggests, since they do not normally take part in the absorption of heat energy, that they are fixed. 

This apparent contradiction leads to the conclusion that a metal lattice is, in the normal ranges of temperature, filled with electrons in much the same way as, in the case of the heavier atoms, the inner energy levels are filled with their electrons this is why the cloud electrons are not normally affected by the relatively small energy increments associated with heating. In other words, in the metal lattice there are definite electron energy levels, which are just as fundamental, and from some points of view just as important, as the energy levels in atoms. This important idea will now be discussed in rather more detail. 

The above structure is the accepted structure for 1,3-butaddiene. This structure, however, is not altogether correct in that 1,3-butadiene has several resonance forms which originate from the interactions of the 7r-cloud electrons. 

Electron density The probability density of finding any electron of a molecule at a given point in space. Often visualized as the electron cloud. Electron density can be obtained by integrating the square of the modulus of an electronic wave function over the coordinates of all electrons but one. 

The electron may be visualized as a three-dimensional cloud, an electron cloud, about the proton. The CLOUD (electron) density at any distance from the nucleus is related to the chance of finding the electron at that distance. For the Is state in H (Fig. 6.17), the electron density is a maximum at the nucleus, decreases rapidly as t increases, and becomes practically zero at about 2 x 10 cm. Thus, the shorter the distance, the more effectively the proton holds the electron. The electron likes to be near the attractive nucleus, but is too nervous to stand still. The outer diameter of the electron cloud is not exactly definable see Fig. 6.18. We may portray the electron cloud as possessing a shape and size depending upon the energy of the electron. 

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