Clot obstruction

Suprapubic pain and cramping, urinary urgency and frequency, dysuria and burning, hematuria Urinary retention leading to hydronephrosis and renal failure may occur if large blood clots obstruct the ureters or bladder outlet. 

Stroke. A stroke is an interruption of the blood supply to any part of the brain. Stroke can be caused by either a clot obstructing the flow of blood to the brain (ischemic) or by a blood vessel rupturing and preventing blood flow to the brain (hemorrhagic). Ischemic stroke comprises the majority of all strokes (approximately 85%). 

If pain is present, the primary health care provider may order a narcotic analgesic. Once the clot is dissolved and blood flows freely through the obstructed blood vessel, severe pain usually decreases. 

Other potential adverse effects resulting from liposome administration which need to be studied are undesired complement activation (Cunningham et al., 1979), blood clotting, and pharmacological effects of the lipid components as well as physical obstruction of small capillaries by large particles. 

Deep vein thrombosis A disorder of thrombus (blood clot) formation causing obstruction of a deep vein in the leg, pelvis, or abdomen. 

Micro vascular pulmonary emboli An obstruction in the small blood vessels in the lung caused by material (e.g., blood clot, fat, air, and foreign body) that is carried through the circulation until it lodges in another small vessel. 

Although blood clot formation is essential to maintaining haemostasis, inappropriate clotting can give rise to serious, sometimes fatal medical conditions. The formation of a blood clot (a thrombus) often occurs inappropriately within diseased blood vessels. This partially or completely obstructs the flow of blood (and hence oxygen) to the tissues normally served by that blood vessel. 

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) results from clot formation in the venous circulation and is manifested as deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE). A DVT is a thrombus composed of cellular material (red and white blood cells, platelets) bound together with fibrin strands. A PE is a thrombus that arises from the systemic circulation and lodges in the pulmonary artery or one of its branches, causing complete or partial obstruction of pulmonary blood flow. 

The most prescribed drugs for blood-related disorders are also summarized in Table 1.17. Blood clots can occur in the veins at extremities (especially after a long period of immobility). Those clots can subsequently become lodged in the blood vessels, the atria, the heart valves, and within the lungs, causing embolism and shortness of breath. Under severe conditions, the clots can also obstruct the flow of blood to the brain, leading to a stroke and paralysis. Coumadin (warfarin see chemical structure below) is one of the main hematological compounds that has been widely prescribed to counter these conditions... 

Therapeutically, vitamin K is used in prophylaxis and treatment of deficiency of clotting factor due to dietary deficiency of vitamin K, chronic antimicrobial therapy, malabsorption syndrome, obstructive jaundice, liver diseases such as cirrhosis and hepatitis, in neonates to prevent or treat haemorrhagic disease of new born to counteract the overdosing of oral anticoagulants... 

Repeated episodes of catheter obstruction by fibrin clots or omental encapsulation can be a problem during continuous peritoneal insulin infusion from implanted pumps (SEDA 20, 397). In the encapsulated tissue, collagen fibrosis, inflammatory reactions with lymphocytes, and amyloid-like deposits reacting to anti-insulin antibodies can occur higher macrophage chemotaxis may also promote these processes. 

Infarction Loss of blood supply due to obstruction (e.g., myocardial infarct due to the blockage caused by a blood clot). 

Thromboembolism Obstruction of a blood vessel by a broken thrombus (blood clot) that was transported to the occluded vessel from another site of formation. 

Thrombosis Formation of blood clots causing vascular obstruction. 

Heart attacks can lead to excess super oxide production, which in turn saturates the SOD system the excess super oxide then has a chance to react with nitric oxide and obstruct its useful role in keeping the blood flowing. This leads to a greater chance of blood clotting and a thrombosis. The most convenient remedy is to take something straight after the heart attack that thins the blood. This often takes the form of an artificial SOD medicine or injection. The more common remedy is to take two aspirins. 

Atrial fibrillation may promote blood coagulation the clots produced can move to obstruct arteries at distant sites such as the coronary or cerebral circulation. 

Q1 Blood clots (thrombi) which form in the venous part of the circulation are associated with slow or sluggish venous blood flow. This condition, called deep-vein thrombosis (DVT), has long been recognized as a risk factor for people immobilized by extended periods of bed rest and for passengers on long journeys with little room to move their legs. Sometimes the thrombi are detached from the vessel wall and travel to other parts of the circulation, causing serious obstruction to blood flow. A thrombus which detaches and enters the pulmonary circulation is particularly serious. 

A patient thought that sublingual meant able to speak two languages another that tablets cleared obstructed blood vessels by exploding inside them (E A Kay) — reference, no doubt, to colloquial use of the term clot-busting drugs (for thrombolytics). 

Some adverse effects are associated with all antifibrinolytic agents, reflecting their effect on clot stability. Dissolution of extravascular blood clots may be resistant to physiological fibrinolysis. These drugs should not to be used to treat hematuria due to blood loss from the upper urinary tract, as this can provoke painful clot retention and even renal insufficiency associated with bilateral ureteric obstruction (25-31). 

Wymenga LF, van der Boon WJ. Obstruction of the renal pelvis due to an insoluble blood clot after epsilon-aminocaproic acid therapy resolution with intraureteral streptokinase instillations. J Urol 1998 159(2) 490-2. 

It follows that any condition that does not permit full use of the antihemorrhagic agents or the production of prothrombin would lead to increased clotting time or hemorrhagic disorders. Some of these conditions are (o) faulty absorption cau.sed by several disorders (e.g.. ob.structivc jaundice, biliary fistulas, intestinal polypo.sis. chronic ulcerative colitis, intestinal fistula, intestinal obstruction, and sprue) (h) damaged livers or primary hepatic disea.ses (c.g.. atrophy, cirrhosis. or chronic hepatitis) (c) insufficient amounts of bile or abnormal bile in the intestinal tract and (d) insufficient amounts of vitamin K. 

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