Clostridium Intestinal effects

Castagliuolo I, LaMont JT, Letourneau R, etal. (1994) Neuronal involvement in the intestinal effects of Clostridium difficile toxin A and Vibrio cholerae enterotoxin in rat ileum. In Gastroenterol. 107 657—665. 

Lima AA, Innes DJ Jr, Chadee K, Lyerly DM, Wilkins TD, Guerrant RL Clostridium difficile toxin A. Interactions with mucus and early sequential histopathologic effects in rabbit small intestine. Lab Invest 1989 61 419 125. 

Fiorentini C, Donelli G, Nicotera P, et al. (1993) Clostridium difficile toxin A elicits Ca2+ -independent cytotoxic effects in cultured normal rat intestinal crypt cells. In Infect. Immun. 61 3988-3993. 

Gilbert RJ, Triadafilopoulos G, Pothoulakis C, et al. (1989a) Effect of purified Clostridium difficile toxins on intestinal smooth muscle. I. Toxin A. In Am. J. Physiol. 256 G759-G766. 

Lima AA, Lyerly DM, Wilkins TD, et al. (1988) Effects of Clostridium difficile toxins A and B in rabbit small and large intestine in vivo and on cultured cells in vitro. In Infect. Immun. 56 582-588. 

An important advantage of the lincomycins is their very low toxicity to the liver, the bone marrow, and the kidneys. Therefore, only a few adverse reactions are known. Diarrhea and severe pseudomembranous colitis have been observed after oral or parenteral treatment with either of the lincomycins. Retrospective as well as prospective studies have shown inconclusive results regarding the incidence of colitis (PiTMANN et al. 1974 Basler 1976). Clostridium difficile has been identified as the most probable cause of this intestinal side effect (reviewed by Manten 1979). 

Botulism is a serious neuroparalytic illness that affects humans and various domestic and wild animal and avian species. It is due to the neurotoxic effect of a toxin produced by the anaerobic bacterium Clostridium botulinum. Botulism is most commonly known as a foodbome intoxication of humans it also can result from growth of the toxigenic organism in a wound or, in the case of infant botulism, from colonization of the intestinal tract. 

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