Clostridium: botulinum, 10 perfringens

Smith, L.D.S., Inhibition of Clostridium botulinum by strains of Clostridium perfringens isolated from soil, Appl. Microbiol., 30, 319-323, 1975. 

Actin-ADP-ribosylating Toxins Cytotoxic Mechanisms of Clostridium botulinum C2 Toxin and Clostridium perfringens lota Toxin... 

Grolig F, Just I, Aktories K (1996) ADP-ribosylation of actin from the green alga Chara corollino by Clostridium botulinum C2 toxin and Clostridium perfringens iota toxin. In Protoplasma in press... 

Just I, Geipel U, Wegner A et al. (1990) De-ADP-ribosylation of actin by Clostridium perfringens iota-toxin and Clostridium botulinum C2 toxin. In Eur. J. Biochem. 192 ... 

Just I, Wille M, Chaponnier C et al. (1993b) Gelsolin-actin complex is target for ADP-ribosylation by Clostridium botulinum C2 toxin in intact human neutrophils. In Eur. J. Pharmacol. Mol. Pharmacol. 246 293-7 Kiefer A, Lerner M, Sehr P et al. (1996) Depolymerization of F-actin by microinjection of ADP-ribosylated skeletal muscle G-actin in PtK2 cells in the absence of the ADP-ribosylating toxin. In A/ted. Microbiol. Immunol. 184 175-80 Mauss S, Chaponnier C, Just I et al. (1990) ADP-ribosylation of actin isoforms by Clostridium botulinum C2 toxin and Clostridium perfringens iota toxin. In Eur. J. Biochem. 194 237-41... 

Simpson LL, Stiles BG, Zapeda HH et al. (1987) Molecular basis for the pathological actions of Clostridium perfringens lota toxin. In Infect. Immun. 55 118-22 Simpson LL (1989) The binary toxin produced by Clostridium botulinum enters cells by receptor-mediated endocytosis to exert its pharmacologic effects. In J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 251 1223-8... 

Bacillus anthracis Bordetella pertussis Clostridium bifermentans Clostridium botulinum Clostridium fallax Clostridium histolyticum Clostridium oedematiens Clostridium septicum Clostridium welchii (perfringens) Corynebacterium diphtheriae Flavobacterium meningosepticum Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae... 

About 2% oxygen remains in the pouch even with vacuum packaging. This will be utilised by any aerobic microorganisms present until it is exhausted. After it is exhausted, only facultative anaerobes such as Salmonella, Yersinia, Staphylococcus and Listeria spp. and strict anaerobes such as Clostridium botulinum and Clostridium perfringens can grow. 

Heat treatment is used to kill non-sporing bacteria and most yeasts and moulds. Although most or all spore-forming bacteria will be killed, spores will remain, as they are much more heat-resistant. Spores of the pathogenic Clostridium botulinum and Clostridium perfringens will survive. C. perfringens is effectively controlled by refrigeration, but C. botulinum must be controlled as it causes the potentially fatal disease, botulism, if sufficient toxin is allowed to develop in the product and is then consumed (Table 6.1). Bacillus spp. are probably not a serious threat as they are aerobic (Leadbetter, 1989). 

Another subfamily of ADP-iibosylating toxins modifies G-actin (at Argl77), thereby inhibiting actin polymerization. Members of this family are, for example, C. botulinum C2 toxin and Clostridium perfringens iota toxin. These toxins are binary in structure. They consist of an enzyme component and a separate binding component, which is structurally related to the binding component of anthrax toxin [3]. 

See afeo Aflatoxin Algae Botulinum Toxin Castor Bean Ciguatoxin Clostridium perfringens, Marine Organisms ... 

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