Clean Fuels Models

The new law also establishes a clean fuel car pilot program in California, requiring the phase-in of tighter emission limits for 150,000 vehicles in model year 1996 and 300,000 by the model year 1999. These standards can be met with any combination of vehicle technology and cleaner fuels. The standards become even stricter in 2001. Other states can opt in to this program, though only through incentives, not sales or production mandates. 

Research Areas Modeling, Simulation and Optimization of Chemical and Biological Processes, Clean Fuels (Hydrogen, Biodiesel and Ethanol), Fixed and Fluidized Bed Catalytic Reactors, Nonlinear Dynamics, Bifurcation and Chaos,... 

The cleaned fuel gas is pressurised in a gas compressor prior to entering the gas turbine combustion chamber. The performance of the GE LM 2500 gas turbine was calculated using the simulation model developed by TPS in the WBP project. 

In addition to the adoption of a Low Emission Vehicle/Clean Fuel program, the California Air Resources Board (CARB) has adopted regulations which call for comprehensive on-board monitoring of seven components and/or events related to emissions of exhaust, fuel, and air conditioning heat-transfer agents for vehicles sold in California. This legislation is called "On-Board Diagnostics-Phase II" or "OBD-II" [30]. These systems were installed on all vehicles sold in California in the 1996 model year. The Environmental... 

One reason for writing this chapter is to report the success of real-time, online refmeiy-wide optimization (RWO) at Suncor-Samia using rigorous process models. Another reason is to show how the same rigorous models can be used offline to quantify key non-linear relationships during the evaluation of project ideas, especially those related to the production of clean fuels. 

As mentioned above, one purpose of this paper is to show how rigorous models can be used offline to quantify key non-linear process relationships, including those related to manufacturing clean fuels. 

Many refiners are including die hydrotreating of FCC feed in their plans to make clean fuels. To demonstrate the feasibility of running a rigorous model for an FCC-plus-pretreater complex, we connected AHYC to AFCC. To link... 

Robinson, P.R. Thiessen, J.M. Hanratty, P.J. Mudt, D.R. Pedersen, C.C. Plan For Clean Fuel Specifications With Rigorous Models, NPRA Computer Conference, Paper No. CC-00-143 (2000)... 

The scientific promise in studying a reaction at the copper (001) surface that removes toxic carbon monoxide using water as reagent and produces hydrogen as clean fuel is significant in providing the theory for a model catalyst which should be helpful in designing its industrial counterpart. 

Dobner, S., "Modelling of Entrained Bed Gasification", The Issues The Clean Fuels Institute. The City College of the City University of New York, EPRI, Palo Alto, Cal. Jan. 15, 1976. 

Effective with the 1982 model year, particulate matter from diesel vehicles was regulated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for the first time, at a level of 0.37 gm km . Diesel vehicles were allowed to meet an NO level of 0.93 gm km under an Environmental Protection Agency waiver. These standards were met by a combination of control systems, primarily exhaust gas recirculation and improvements in the combustion process. For the 1985 model year, the standards decreased to 0.12 gm of particulate matter per kilometer and 0.62 gm of NO per kilometer. This required the use of much more extensive control systems (1). The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 (2) have kept the emission standards at the 1985 model level with one exception diesel-fueled heavy trucks shall be required to meet an NO standard of 4.0 gm per brake horsepower hour. 

Exhaust emission standards since the 1981 model year vehicles have required the use of three-way catalysts, either alone or in combination with an oxidation catalyst. Three-way catalysts are designed to operate in a very narrow range about the stoichiometric air/fuel ratio. In this range the HC and CO are subject to oxidation and the NO, compounds undergo reduction. The downstream oxidation catalyst in a dual bed system is generally used as a "clean-up catalyst lo further control HC and CO emissions. The most common catalytic combination in three-way uses is platinum/rhodium. Current production applications use these elements in a relatively rich proportion of 5 1 lo 10 1. whereas the respective mine ratio is about 19 1. 

In the works devoted to study and development of MEISs numerous examples on their application to the analysis of various problems were certainly presented. They are formation of harmful substances during fuel combustion and cleaning of combustion products from these components, fuel processing, atmospheric pollution with anthropogenic emissions, stationary and nonstationary flow distribution in hydraulic systems, etc. These examples should illustrate practical efficiency of MEISs, their capabilities for revealing specific features of the modeled process and determining directions of its improvement. 

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