Clay minerals climate

Stein LY, Yung YL (2003) Production, isotopic composition, and atmospheric fate of biologically produced nitrous oxide. Ann Rev Earth Planet Sci 31 329-356 Stem LA, Chamberlain CP, Reynolds RC, Johnson CD (1997) Oxygen isotope evidence of climate change from pedogenic clay minerals in the Himalayan molasse. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 61 731-744... 

Vennemann TW, Vdovic R, Thoral S (2000) Clay minerals of the north Alpine molasses sediments archives of Alpine upliftment and climate change Goldschmidt conference 2000, Journal of Conference Abstracts V5, 2 1049... 

Jahn, R., Zarei, M., and Stahr, K. (1992). Development of andic soil properties and of clay minerals in the semiarid climate of Lanzarote (Spain). Mineral. Petrograph. Acta XXXV-A, 193-201. 

Clay minerals being negatively charged act as cation exchangers. Kaolinite is common in temperate climates with frequent rainfall, while illite and montmorillonite are present in arid climates. 

Smectite forms during weathering of silicates in a wide range of climates. It is the volumetrically most significant detrital clay mineral in Cenozoic basins worldwide (Potter et al, 1980). On an average, shales contain between 30% and 50%... 

Climates with high rainfall represent more intensely leaching environments than those with low rainfall. With comparable parent materials subjected to weathering over the same time period, wet climates cause more advanced soil development than dry climates. This principle is confirmed by the dependence of clay mineral composition of soils on rainfall, as has been shown by numerous examples such as the one illustrated in Figure 6.10. 

Fig. 2 Distribution of eogenetic carbonates and clay minerals in a meandering fluvial system under semi-arid climatic conditions.

The climatic conditions and episodic flooding that characterized the depositional setting of the Lunde enhanced the infiltration of suspended clay particles and the formation of coatings around framework grains in the sandstones. Clay minerals formed by weathering processes in the hinterlaixl under arid to semi-arid climatic conditions would be expected to... 

Fig. 7-2 Formation and transformation of clay minerals and their organic complexes in soils developed from volcanic ash in humid, temporate climatic zones. Horizontal lines indicate approximate duration of the respective constituents. Modified from Wada and Harward (1974) with the permission of Academic Press, Inc.

During the process of soil development in humid temperate climates, the soil material undergoes de-sUication and silica is readily lost as monomeric silica (Acquaye and Tinsley, 1965 Ugolini et al., 1977a). Monomeric silica can react with metal ions and leads to the synthesis of secondary minerals such as clay minerals. 

Soil composition, productivity and ability to participate in ion exchange are to a large extent dependent on the climate. The weathering of rocks leads to the formation of various clay minerals with ion exchange capacities up to 1 mol kg 1. 

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