Clay minerals composition

MiscelDneous. Other important properties are resistance to thermal shock, attack by slag, and, in the case of refractories (qv), thermal expansion. For whiteware, translucency, acceptance of glazes, etc, may be extremely important. These properties depend on the clay mineral composition, the method of manufacture and impurity content. 

The basic representation of the clay mineral compositions has been + 3 3 2... 

Mackenzie, R.C., 1960. The evaluation of clay mineral composition with particular reference to smectites. Silicates Ind., 25 12-18 71-75. 

Emerson, W. W. 1964. The slaking of soil crumbs as influenced by clay mineral composition. Aust. J. Soil Res. 2 211-217. 

Mathieu, Y. and B. Velde, 1989. Identification of thermal anomalies using clay mineral composition. Clay Minerals, 24, pp. 591-602... 

Figure 9.7 Clay mineral composition of the surface layers of residual soils formed on (a) quartz- and feldspar-rich rocks, and (b) Fe- and Mg-rich igneous rocks in California. After I Barshad. The effect of variation in precipitation on the nature of clay mineral formation in soils from acid and basic igneous rocks, Prac. Int. Clay Conf., 19 by the Geological Survey of Norway. Used by permission.

A final control on clay mineral composition is the extent of metamorphism experienced by the coals. With the increase in rank exhibited by this coal across the study area, certain diagenetic changes might be expected. Whereas no consistent trends in the type of expandable clays was observed, a general lack of smectite and expandable clays was noted. These clays do occur in lower rank bituminous coals, such as those in the Illinois Basin (14). Thus, it appears that thermal maturity (coal rank) may help explain the absence of smectite and the paucity of mixed-layer expandable clays in the Lower Kittanning coal and associated sediments, but no distinct relationship was found between the amount of expandable clays and rank. 

The most significant control on clay mineral composition, therefore, appears to be chemical conditions within the swamp which produced alteration of a parent material that included illite/mica, kaolinite, and lesser amounts of chlorite and expandabe clays. 

Climates with high rainfall represent more intensely leaching environments than those with low rainfall. With comparable parent materials subjected to weathering over the same time period, wet climates cause more advanced soil development than dry climates. This principle is confirmed by the dependence of clay mineral composition of soils on rainfall, as has been shown by numerous examples such as the one illustrated in Figure 6.10. 

Thermodynamic Data Base. The thermodynamic data base was originally a reformatted version of the data base for the PATHI program of Helgeson and coworkers (4,these references say little about this data base). The aqueous speciation model included many ion pairs and aqueous complexes. The PATHI data base had just been updated to conform with the contemporaneous efforts of Helgeson et al. (46-48) to provide better thermodynamic data. This affected the equilibrium constants for mineral dissociation reactions and a few aqueous redox reactions, but left the data for ion-pairing and complexation reactions unchanged. The mineral data on the first EQ3/6 data base were supplemented by Wolery (1) with some estimates of the constants for a number of clay mineral compositions. 

The chemical impact on clay mineral stability of the organic matter incorporated in deep marine sediments is variable. Most sedimentary series containing significant amounts of dispersed organic matter (i.e., 1-3%) do not display any specific clay mineral composition. For example, this is the case for black shales deposited during the Cretaceous period in the Atlantic, where clay mineral... 

The plasticity characteristics of a sediment is characterized by its consistency. Atterberg limits and related indexes are a function of many parameters drying (Casagrands, 1932), temperature, molding and grain size (White and Walton, 1937), surface area (Farrar and Coleman, 1967), and clay mineral composition (Seed et al., 1964). The main factors are those tied to the physicochemical properties of the clay-water system (Mourn and Rosenquvist, 1961 Soderblom, 1969). 

Clay mineral composition varies with the maturity of the sediment, and in particular whether this is reworked from within the basin or is more representative of the upland source. Dirt partings (intraseam mudrocks) represent either an increase in detrital sediment input or a reduction in the rate of organic accumulation, or even loss of organic matter. 

Kawasumi M, Hasegawa N, Usuki A and Okada A (1999) Liquid crystal/clay mineral composites, Appl Clay Sci 15 93-108. 

Kawasumi, et al. Nematic liquid crystal/clay mineral composites. Science Engineering... 

Provided mainly by clay minerals and is primarily responsible for the sorption of NH4 and heavy metals. Variations tend to reflect changes in particle surface area (smectite 800m g kaolinite 10m g ) and extremes in clay mineral composition (e.g. high CEC smectite v. low CEC kaolinite clays)... 

Grim et al [1949] have studied the clay mineral composition of sediments from the Pacific Ocean off the California coast and from the Gulf of California. They find that degraded illite (see Section Dll) may take up potassium and magnesium from sea water. 

R. S. Dick, and W. F. Bradley, 1949. Clay mineral composition of some sediments from the... 

Kobayashi, K., and K. Oinuma, 1961, Clay mineral composition of the tertiary sediments in the Chichibu basin, Saitama Prefecture, Japan. J. Geol. Soc. (Japan) 67 284. 

Droste, J. B., 1961. Clay mineral composition of sediments in some desert lakes in Nevada, California, and Oregon. Science 133 1928. 

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