Clay microstructures

Pusch, R. (1970). Clay microstructure. National Swedish Building Research. Document D8. 

Bennett, R.H., and Hulbert, M.H. 1986. Clay Microstructure. International Human Resources Development Corporation, Geological Sciences Series, Boston, MA, p. 161. 

Pusch, R. 1973b. Influence of salinity and organic matter on the formation of clay microstructure. Proceedings of the International Symposium on SoU Structure, Gothenburg, Sweden. Swedish Geotechnical Society, Stockholm, Sweden, pp. 165-175. 

Chlordecone is a pesticide very resistant to degradation, that is, with a long lifetime [8] it was used mainly for the protection of banana plantations. Now, chlordecone is becoming a new source of contaminatiOTi for cultivated roots as it is still polluting agricultural soils. In the literature [9], it is shown that allophanic soils retain and trap more pesticides than other kinds of soils. Therefore, allophanic soils could be highly polluted but less contaminated for crops and water, and the clay microstructure should be an important physico-chemical characteristic governing the fate of the pesticide in the environment. 

Jannoyer Lesueur M, Woignier T, Achard R, Calba H, (2009) Pesticide transfer from soils to plants in tropical soils influence of clay microstructure SETAC, New Orleans 19-23 Nov 2009... 

Figure 8. Microstructure of swelled soil of montmorillonite composition (a) fragment of hydromica clay microstructure before (b) and after (c) swelling.

Bennett RH, Hulber MH (1986) Clay microstructure. International Human Resources Development, Boston... 

Pusch, R. 1979. Unfrozen water as a function of clay microstructure. Engineering Geology, 13,157-162... 

Nanometric clay particles, combining using nylon or polyimide, 23 82 Nano-microstructures, 22 720 Nanoparticles, 22 720... 

Lower dilution levels did not allow sufficient depolymerlzatlon and higher dilution caused excessive depolymerlzatlon In the aged solutions. Pillared clays prepared from aged dilute solutions had an enhanced microstructure which showed an Increased activity for selectively cracking large molecules to the light cycle oil range. This microstructure Is lost In the presence of steam which also reduces the formation of catalytic coke. Addition of rare earth zeolite to pillared clay can partially overcome the effects of this loss of microstructure. 

Finally, PILC, REY-PILC, and a commercial equilibrium catalyst were evaluated at near constant conversion using a heavier feed, hydrotreated resid. The product yields are shown in Table III. Steam deactivated (D), REY-PILC, produced the same gasoline selectivity, LCO/HCO ratio, and coke yield as calcined PILC. The equilibrium catalyst which represents a more severely deactivated (E) sample had higher gasoline selectivity, lower coke yield, and lower HCO/LCO ratio. The higher coke yield of REY-PILC could be due to occlusion of high molecular weight hydrocarbons in the microstructure of the pillared clay. 

Gallagher, KJ. Feifknecht,W. Marmweiler, U. (1968) Mechanism of oxidation of magnetite to Y-Fe20j. Nature 217 1118-1121 Gallias, J.L. (1998) Microstructure of the interfacial transition zone around corroded reinforcements. In Katz, A. Benier, M. Alexander, M. Arliguie, G. (eds.) The interfadal transition zone in cementitions composites. E.F.N. Spon, London, 171-178 Galvez, N. Barron,V. Torrent, J. (1999) Preparation and properties of hematite with structural phosphorus. Clays Clay Miner. 47 375-385... 

Microstructure-property correlations in dynamically vulcanized thermoplastic elastomers based on polypropylene (PP)/EPDM have shown that clay was nearly exfoliated and randomly distributed into the continuous polypropylene phase [23]. SEM photomicrographs revealed that the size of rubber particles increased with clay incorporation. Also, the clay layers act as nucleating agents, resulting in higher crystallization temperature and reduced degree of crystallinity. 

In addition, Maiti and Bhowmick [93] also used fluoroelastomers having different microstructure and viscosity (Viton B-50, Viton B-600, Viton A-200, and VTR-8550). Viton is a terpolymer of vinylidene fluoride (VF2), hexafluoropropylene (HFP), and tetrafluoroethylene (TFE). Even with the addition of only 4 phr of clay in Viton B-50, the tensile strength and modulus improved by 30-96% and 80-134%, respectively, depending on the nature of the nanoclays. The better polymer-filler interaction in the case of NA clay and the fluoroelastomers has... 

Porion, P., Faugere, M.P., Lecolier, E., Gherardi, B. and Delville, A. (1998) 23Na Nuclear Quadrupolar Relaxation as a Probe of the Microstructure and Dynamics of Aqueous Clay Dispersions An Application to Laponite Gels. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B 102, 3477-3485... 

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