Classifications of Pesticides

Synthetic pyrethoids. These chemicals have a particularly high insecticidal power whilst generally being safe to hnmans and farm animals. They are efficient contact insecticides with a rapid knockdown action and some are thonght to act as antifeedants. These properties are seen as being valuable in the chemical control of plant viruses by controlling the insect vectors, e.g. cypermethrin and A-cyhalothrim 

For up-to-date irrformation on pesticides available, and the regulations and advice on the nse of these chemicals, reference shoitldbe made to the UK Pesticide Guide, pnblished annnally by CABI/BCPC or through the government website or by snbscription to LIAISON nmby FERA. 

Pests resistant to inseeticides have developed with the repeated appheation of inseetioides with the same mode of action, especially in species that have many generations a year and have high multiplication rates. After introduction of new chemieals it usually takes from 2 to 20 years for eases of resistance to appear. Resistant populations develop as susceptible inseets are killed leaving those that are resistant or less sensitive to increase by passing on their resistance to their offspring. There are several mechanisms of resistance. 

When insects are resistant to some insecticides the resistance may be due to more than one of the above mechanisms. 

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WHO (World Health Organization). 1996. International Programme on Chemical Safety IPCS) The WHO Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard and Guidelines to Classification 1996-1997. Geneva. 

FIFRA23 imposes a system of pesticide product registrations. Such requirements include premarket review of potential health and environmental effects before a pesticide can be introduced in the United States, reregistration of products introduced prior to the enactment of FIFRA to assess their safety in light of current standards, and classification of pesticides for restricted or general use. Restricted products can be used only by those whose competence has been certified by a state program. 

This comprehensive definition makes it elear that a wide number of substances may be eonsidered to be pestieides, and that the eommonality among all pestieides is their ability to provide eontrol over pests. A variety of classifications for pesticides have been developed that are specific for the type of pest controlled. Insecticides, for example, are pesticides that control insects, while herbicides control weeds and fungicides control plant diseases (molds). In addition to these major classifications of pesticides, there are many other classifications. These include nematicides (for nematode control), acaracides (mite control), rodenticides (rodent control), molluscicide (snail and slug control), algacides (algal control), bacteriocides (bacterial control), and defoliants (leaf control). 

WHO (2005) The World Health Organization recommended classification of pesticides by hazard. 

APPENDIX 8 HAZARD CLASSIFICATION OF PESTICIDES BY WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION... 

Pesticides are also grouped as synthetic pesticides or biological pesticides. The classification of pesticides according to the manner of use can be listed as (Table 6.1) ... 

Source Classification of pesticides by hazard and guidelines to classification, 2000-2002, WH0.5t... 

Source WHO Recommended Classification of Pesticide by Hazard, 2004 (updated 2005). 

The Nobel Foundation (2006) http //nobelprize.org World Health Organisation Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard (2004), World Health Organisation http / / www.who.int/ipcs/pubHcations/pesticides hazard rev 3.pdf... 

Methods to Estimate the Relative Toxicity of Pesticides to Humans Toxicity and Labeling Classification of Pesticides... 

TABLE 11.1 Classification of Pesticides According to Target Pest or Function... 

TABLE 11.2 Classification of Pesticides According to Chemical Structure... 

WHO Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard and Guidelines to Classification... 

The World Health Organization (WHO) recommended classification of pesticides by hazard, first issued in 1978, has gained wide acceptance. The classification is based primarily on the acute oral and dermal toxicity to rats since these determinations are standard procedures in toxicology. 

CHEMICAL CLASSIFICATION OF PESTICIDES AND OTHER ORGANIC POLLUTANTS... 

Parkin CS, AJ Gilbert, ESE Southcombe and CJ Marshall 1994. British Crop Protection Council Scheme for the classification of pesticide application equipment by hazard. Crop Protection 13(4), 281-285. 

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