Classification ambiguity

The vast number of thermodynamically possible reactions obtained by permuting oxidants and reductants within the scope of this review present major problems of classification and selection. To only a limited extent is the modernity or detail of a paper indicative of its relevance, some of the definitive papers having been published before 1950. Discussion has been concentrated, therefore, at points where a kinetic investigation of a reaction has resulted in a real advance in our understanding both of its mechanism and of those of related reactions, and work which has been more of a confirmatory nature will not receive comparable consideration. Detailed reference to products, spectra, etc. will be made only when the kinetics produce real ambiguities. 

Clay is the most important component of soil liners because the clay fraction of the soil ensures low hydraulic conductivity. In the United States, however, there is some ambiguity in defining the term clay because two soil classification systems are widely used. One system, published by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), is used predominantly by civil engineers.18 The other, the U.S. Department of Agriculture s (USDA s) soil classification system, is used primarily by soil scientists, agronomists, and soil physicists.19... 

As there are few data on the ratio of thoron concentration to radon, we have assumed that the value is constant and is equal to 0.14, Error(4) and Error(5) are assumed to be negligible for the error calculation. The error due to ambiguities in classification and discrimination of tracks according to the shape or the size was assessed by experiment and the relative error (1 S.D.) was less than 10%. The relative error due to the variations of F, f, and (V a) is less than 13% as described in the previous section. The combined error due to these factors is estimated to be 16%. The total error can be obtained by combining this error and Error(l). If we use the definition that the lowest detectable limit is the radon concentration at 50 % relative S.D., the lowest detectable... 

The development of chemical products has been led by the industry. Not surprisingly, the language that is used has served to the necessities of the company and the market. That is why product classifications have been ambiguous and changing through time [26], For example, chemical products had been classified based on the prices and uses. 

Based on these definitions and descriptions, classification of chemical products can be performed in a more scientific way, without ambiguities and/or overlap. These classifications should help to understand the nature of some products and to organize their study. This preliminary approach is expected to give examples and/or methodologies of design using these principles in the near future. 

In order to avoid any ambiguity, in Evans classification only the heteroatom is considered as the functional group, whether it is attached to an sp, sp or sp carbon... 

The classification of polymers according to polymerization mechanism, like that by structure and composition, is not without its ambiguities. Certain polymerizations show a linear increase of molecular weight with conversion (Fig. 1-lc) when the polymerization... 

Colloids are also often classified on the basis of the affinity of the surfaces of the particles to the continuous phase. This classification is also ambiguous in some respects, but deserves a brief mention. 

As in the case of lyophilic colloids, the use of the adjective lyophobic does not necessarily mean that the surfaces of the colloids are uniformly liquid repelling. For example, ceramic sols such as silica and alumina powders in liquids do have surfaces with varying degrees of affinity to the liquid. Despite the ambiguities in the use of the terms lyophobic and lyophilic, such a classification is convenient. 

Lattices with 3 or 6 Axes. The occurrence of six- and/or threefold axes in actual crystals occasions certain difficulties in classification. So long as we are concerned only with lattices, however, there need to be no ambiguity, if we proceed carefully and rigorously. For that reason we shall take a different (and more fundamental) approach in demonstrating that there are only two distinct lattice types consistent with the presence of three- or sixfold axes that are oriented in one direction only. The latter qualification is necessary to distinguish the present case from that of the isometric lattices where there... 

The foregoing classification is not without ambiguity. For example, it is common practice to call the reaction A - B +C° (see Fig. 6-1) induced by decreasing the temperature a phase transformation. The similar (peritectoid) reaction C = a+fi (Fig. 12-2) induced by a temperature increase, however, is named a decomposition reaction. In addition, the isothermal reaction AO = A+j02, which occurs if the intensive variable fio2 is decreased so that AO decomposes, is called a metal oxide reduction. It is thus categorized as a genuine heterogeneous solid state reaction (the... 

Amine oxidases catalyze the oxidation of amines, diamines, and polyamines. According to their ability to recognize one of those substrates preferentially, amine oxidases may be divided into monoamine oxidases, diamine oxidases, and polyamine oxidases, respectively. Several different enzymes fall into the amine oxidase class, and the classification of some of them still remains ambiguous. The term monoamine oxidase (flavin-containing, EC 1.4.3.4) was introduced to contrast with copper-containing amine oxidases (EC 1.4.3.6). 

Glycosyl hydrolases include a similarly wide range of structures. Traditional classification based on substrate specificity can be ambiguous, as some enzymes can hydrolyze a number of distinct substrates, albeit at... 

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