Classical paradigm

This paper describes the sulfur cycle for little Rock Lake, Wisconsin, with particular emphasis on processes that remove sulfate from the water column and on subsequent diagenesis and regeneration. Our work and other recent studies in this area show that the classical paradigm of sulfur cycling (20) in lakes is incorrect, or at least incomplete. 

The situation, one hundred years on, could hardly be more different. The interpretation of quantum mechanics, which came to replace the Newtonian system, is as hotly disputed as ever and the common ground with the theory of relativity remains elusive and vague. The reason for the discord must lie somewhere in the transition from the classical to the new non-classical paradigm. What is proposed here, is to retrace the steps that led to the emergence of the new theoretical models, in an attempt to identify the point of conceptual bifurcation. 

Kohen, A., and Klinman, J. P., 1998, Enzyme catalysis, beyond classical paradigms, Acc. Chem. Res. 31 397n404. 

Williams P. J. L. (1981) Incorporation of microheterotrophic processes into the classical paradigm of the planktonic food web. Kieler Meeresforsch. Sonderh. 5, 1—27. 

The long struggle to establish the concept of the chemical atom involved many scientists working in different countries using different kinds of eqtiip-ment to obtain self-consistent data. All were infused with ideas of Sir Francis Bacon, who defined the classic paradigm of experimental science—results that are derived from careful observations and that are openly reported for verification. However, not all chemists equally embraced these ideas, which... 

One of the classic paradigms of crystal engineering is the notion of chloro/methyl interchange, where it is observed that pairs of molecules differing only by interchange of a chloro substituent for a methyl group can adopt identical crystal structures [34]. One question that we might reasonably expect to answer by consultation of the CSD is how often is isostructurality observed for pairs of chloro/methyl substituted molecules The conceptual steps required to answer such a question are as follows ... 

Consider first the assumption that self-interest is the primary human motivation. While there is no denying that self-interest is an important motivator, so too are people s moral beliefs. This moral dimension is entirely overlooked by the neo-classical paradigm. To use Etzioni s examples,... 

Of course it is possible to assimilate the moral dimension into the dimension of self-interest by arguing that in cases such as the above it is in an individual s interest to avoid moral condemnation. But this is far from the spirit of the neo-classical paradigm. Moreover, to argue that it is in people s interest to act morally in order to satisfy their own consciences and win the approval of others expands the concept of self-interest to the point where it has no meaning. On this expanded definition, no matter what a person does, be it moral or immoral, selfish or altruistic, it can be said to be motivated by self-interest. Most importantly, in the present context, to expand the concept in this way is to obliterate the distinction between the market and regulatory approaches to public policy which is the very question at issue in this book. In short, to be able to talk sensibly about policy in this area requires that we maintain this distinction between moral and economic motivation. 

The second part of the critique of the neo-classical paradigm questions the assumption that people and firms make their decisions on a fully rational basis. As Etzioni points out, people brush their teeth but do not fasten their seat belts. . . they purchase costly, unsuitable life insurance and pay stock brokers for useless advice and so on (1988, p. xi). 

Our critique of the neo-classical paradigm leads therefore to the realisation that the key question from a policy point of view is how to get management s attention focussed on matters of OHS. This is the theoretical rationale for this book. 

Broadly conceived, this book is intended as an extended critique of economic rationalist thought as it applies in the area of OHS. We have seen that the assumptions of the neo-classical paradigm discussed in Chapter 2 do not apply with any consistency and that the paradigm fails to provide an adequate model on which to base OHS policy. Health and safety cannot be left to the market because so often safety does not pay. Nor is it enough for governments to construct economic incentives to encourage managements to attend... 

The classical paradigm that serum antibodies were not important in protection from M. tuberculosis was one of the main obstacles to be surmounted in this project " ... 

Ponec R. Structure and bonding in binuclear metal carbonyls. Classical paradigms vs insights from modem theoretical calculations. Comput Theor Chem 2015 1053 195-213. 

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