Clarifiers design characteristics

In order to clarify the characteristics of the reference control system, the plant dynamics is analyzed with the designed control system against the 10% stepwise decrease in the setpoint of the reactor power. The results are shown in Fig. 7.71 [31]. The pressure control system and the power control system work well. However, the change in the main steam temperature is still considerable. 

Slurry characteristics determine whether a clarifying or a cake filter is appropriate and if the latter, they determine the rate of formation anci nature of the cake. They affect the choice of driving force and cycle as well as specific design of machine. 

The settling characteristics of the solid sulfur compounds produced in the lime/limestone scrubber systems vary considerably. Although the clarifier-thickeners are being designed by the vendors, C-E is developing a computer program that could be used to design the clarifier-thickeners for lime/limestone wet scrubber systems. 

Clarifying the structure and functions of protein materials in the solid state provides an index with respect to the design of artificial biomaterials. Solid-state NMR has been used as a powerful means for elucidating structure and dynamics in addition to the X-ray diffraction method [le]. The structure and dynamics of some fibrous proteins, such as wool, silk, collagen, tropomyosin, etc., have been characterized using characteristic solid-state NMR chemical shifts as stated above, and much more new information obtained in addition to the results provided by X-ray diffraction. And the individual advantages of these two methods are complementary with each other. Details of appli-... 

In an attempt to clarify this question, our athletic researcher performed a second design, constructed on purpose to separate (or, as sometimes said, unconfound) the value of main effect 5 from the sum 13+46+27. This design, given in Table 4.12, is based on the same relations used in Table 4.10, with one exception. For factor 5, which we wish to unconfound, we used the relation 5 = -13 instead of 5 = 13. The two factorials are therefore identical except for the levels attributed to factor 5, which have exactly opposite signs in the two tables. When we combine the results of the two designs, this characteristic allows us to isolate main effect 5 from the two-factor interactions. 

It is worthwhile describing further the negative safety characteristics of these reactors in order to clarify the technical reasons for the accident, although they were not the only ones, and to see why the very competent designers made their decisions. 

During this phase the following is ascertained (1) the reasons for conducting a LCA are clarified, in addition to the potential use of the results and to whom they will be disclosed, (2) the characteristics of the product and its functional units (the contents of the product or service to be assessed and quantified numbers describing the capabilities and effects of the product or service) (3) the system boundaries are designated (the scope of the product or service to be assessed, and anything related to the assessed product or service that is excluded from the LCA must be clarified) and (4) details of data collected for the LCA (the source and reliability of data collected for the LCA) are finally summarized. The use of factors (1) to (4) can significantly alter the criteria and data of the product or service to be collected in the LCA, and therefore this phase is critical. 

Mechanisms and design models for filtration other than that forming a filter cake are also described, and so is non-Newtonian filtration. It is well known that a filtration cycle displays characteristics of these other filtration modes prior to the occurreace of cake filtration. This period is usually very short even at low concentrations of slurry. The other filtration modes are particularly relevant to clarifying filtration, at low to very low concentrations (less than 1% solids by volume). This type of filtration is inq>ortant industrially, and is typical of the deep-bed filtration discussed in Chapter 6. Filtration of non-Newtonian liquids is somewhat more specialised, but can be found in the filtration of oils and polymer melts. 

A few solutions exist for 3-D PZT bodies. Most well-known solutions for finite PZT plates were obtained from approximated two-dimensional (2-D) equations of extended Mindlin s solutions (Herrmann 1974). But, these solutions are not directly applicable to the analysis of AE sensors commercially available. In order to clarify the frequency response of AE sensor (function W(f) in eq. 3.5) and to optimize the design of PZT elements, resonance characteristics of PZT element were analyzed by using the finite element method (FEM) (Ohtsu Ono 1983). 

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