Cladograms

Fig. 4.14 Cladograms from Pacific Island Fuchsia study...

Jim Griesemer Clearly. I m with you there. But in order to make an ultimate explanation out of this, you appeal to the cladistic relationship of the taxa. And the assumptions that go into constructing the cladograms strike me as a how-possibly explanation. 

Jim Griesemer That is Sober s argument for parsimony that there are irreducible assumptions, process assumptions, that you have to put in to construct a cladogram in the first place. Unless he s wrong about that, I don t see that it supports your argument. 

Fig. 4 Evolution of solvents and solvent-mixtures in the defensive secretion of Oxytelinae (Staphylinidae) beetles. The secretions of all worldwide investigated species are saturated with the toxic compound p-toluquinone (left). The topical irritancy of the mixtures is continuously increased from primitive to advanced taxa. The cladogram on the left side includes the most important primitive (Deleaster Coprophilus, Syntomium) and several advanced genera [117,122]...

These ideas have been expanded in an ecological and evolutionary perspective for land plants (Gottlieb 1998). In the animal kingdom, cladograms based on the distribution of natural products have been set up for demosponges (Andersen 1996). 

Fig. 1.8. The two main groups of Monogenea each diverged with the Chondrichthyes and Osteichthyes, suggesting a relatively ancient origin. Boeger and Kritsky (1997) proposed historical relationships of the Polyonchoinea and Heteronchoinea and their hosts redrawn here. The parasite cladograms (solid lines) are superimposed on that of their plesiomorphic hosts (broad grey lines). Dotted lines indicate postulated extinctions dashed-dotted lines indicate postulate primary host switching (dispersal) of parasites.

Figure 13.3. The Tree View is used to draw a phylogenetic tree from treefile of Phylip in radial, slanted cladogram, rectangular cladogram, or phytogram. The rectangular dado-gram for treefile derived from amino acid sequences of ribonucleases is drawn with TreeView.

Select Do Consensus and click Run of Consensus tree (left window) to open the request form (lower window). Choose Yes to Use tree file from last stage and click the Submit button to display the consensus tree (upper window) and save the tree file. Select Draw trees and click Run of cladograms/phenograms/phylogenies. Choose Yes to Use tree file from last stage and click the Submit button to save the drawing treename.ps. 

The DNA nucleotide sequences encoding tRNA specific for phenylalanine are given below. Draw a cladogram of the consensus tree after performing parsimony analysis + branch bound at WebPhylip. 

Retrieve the amino acid sequences of type C lysozymes from twelve biological sources. Perform ClustalW multiple sequence alignment and WebPhylip parsimony analysis to draw a cladogram of the consensus tree. 

Fig. 1.7 Evolution of alkaloids in the phylogeny of plants. Using nucleotide sequences of the chloroplast gene rbcL a phylogenetic tree was computed with Maximum Parsimony. A bootstrap cladogram is shown with bootstrap values shown at the nodes. Branches leading to taxa that accumulate alkaloids are shown in bold.

Ferns have usually many free, vascular bundles and always have uncovered macrosporangia (as. far as they have different kinds of spores). Hennig developed cladograms to depict this sequence of novelties (Only the still living groups are depicted) ... 

The difference between a dendrogram (phenogram) and a cladogram will now be clear a dendrogram depicts levels of similarity and common characters, if present, can be added later. A cladogram only depicts the common ancestry of taxa as shown by the sequence of newly developed character states. Both schemes have, however, more or less tt e shape of a stylized tree, but they depict completely different aspects of characters. 

If in a monophyletic group (of 2 or more species) a character occurs with two alternative character states (in different species), then the plesiomorphic character state must be the one also ocurring in the outgroup ("next sistergroup, lower down the cladogram). 

Later in an attempt to construct cladograms of the genera of the Nillettieae (Leguminosae-Papilionoideae) the attempts failed due to many parallel developments lack of correlating apomorphies and non monophyletic nature of the OTU s (Scala Millettiearum. 1984. Leiden Botanical Series 8. Chapters 5, 6 6 7). 

From these data several other cladograms could be constructed, but these are either not fully resolved (contain one trichotomy), or they are based upon very implausible apomorphic character states. I shall not elaborate these alternative possibilities. 

I>et us return to the presented cladogram and compare it with the classification de Vogel presentedi... 

The cladogram suggests that one consistent classification could be as... 

CLASSICUSi I don t claim that we cannot know either that a particular cladogram corresponds with what really happened. It remains a speculation FOREVER, sir l... 

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