Citrus determine flavonoid

Dugo, R, Presti, M. L., Ohman, M., Fazio, A., Dugo, G., and Mondello, L., Determination of flavonoids in citrus juices by micro-HPLC-ESI/MS, Journal of Separation Science 28(11), 1149-1156, 2005. 

Nogata, Y. et al.. High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of naturally occurring flavonoids in Citrus with a photodiode-array detector, J. Chromatogr., 667, 59, 1994. 

A comprehensive and critical review of food flavonoid literature has led to the development of a food composition database for flavonols, flavones, procyanidins, catechins, and flava-nones. This database can now be used and continuously updated to estimate flavonoid intake of populations, to identify dietary sources of flavonoids, and to assess associations between flavonoid intake and disease. However, there is a need for better food composition data for flavones, procyanidins, and flavanones as current literature is sparse particularly for citrus fruits, fruit juices, and herbs. In addition, anthocyanin food composition data are lacking although validated methods of determination are becoming available. 

C Garcia-Viguera, FA Tomas-Barberan, F Ferreres, F Artes, F Tomas-Lorente. Determination of citrus jams genuineness by flavonoid analysis. Z Lebensm Unters Forsch 197 255-259, 1993. 

In addition to variations in citrus extracts, there are features of bioflavonoid effects on the mammalian body which may have contributed greatly to the controversy concerning flavonoid action. In 1940 Yosida (13) and in 1955 Rinehart (14) reported effects of hesperidin on rheumatic fever. Yosida determined the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) before and after injecting hesperidin into patients. In 26 sets of determinations the ESR was retarded in 19, unchanged in 3 and accelerated in 4 cases. Rinehart administered hesperidin to 26 patients, 22 showed a decreased ESR, 1 an unchanged and 3 an increased ESR. Hence, by the usual interpretation that an increased ESR indicates pathology, hesperidin in some cases showed beneficial effects, in others no effect and in still others made the disease worse. 

Calabro ML, Galtieri V, Cutroneo P, Tommasini S, Ficarra P and Ficarra R, Study of the extraction procedure by experimental design and validation of a LC method for determination of flavonoids in Citrus bergamiaydvx. J Pharm BiomedAnal 35 349-363 (2004). 

Ding, L. et al. Simultaneous determination of flavonoid and alkaloid compounds in citrus herbs by high-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array detection-electrospray mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. B. 2007, 857, 202-209. 

Keywords Citrus flavonoids health benefits phenolics determination sample preparation identification HPLC LC-MS NMR... 

The estimation of flavonoids by measuring the UV absorbance is one of the most common and convenient methods. The spectra of a number of flavonoids was reported by Mabry et al. (1970). The availability and measuring capabilities of flavonoids UV spectra greatly facilitated their identification in complex mixtures. The spectrophotometric determination of flavonoids facilitated the quantitative and qualitative analysis of samples. In general, UV absorption can be used to determine the concentration of flavonoids in samples, e.g. citrus juices. 

Kim HG, Kim GS, Lee JH, Park S, Jeong WY, Kim YH, Kim JH, Kim ST, Cho YA, Lee WS, Lee SJ, Jin JS, Shin SC (2011) Determination of the change of flavonoid components as the defence materials of Citrus unshiu Marc, fruit peel against Penicillium digitatum by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Food Chem 128 49-54... 

Barfi, B., A. Asghari, M. Rajabi, A. Barfi, and I. Saeidi. 2013. Simplified miniaturized ultrasound-assisted matrix solid phase dispersion extraction and high performance liquid chromatographic determination of seven flavonoids in citrus fruit juice and human fluid samples Hesperetin and naringenin as biomarkers, f. Chromatogr. A 13H(l) 30-40. 

---