Citrinin Balkan nephropathy

Ochratoxin, citrinin Contaminant (mycotoxin) Produced by Penicillium strains nephropathy (endemic Balkan nephropathy)... 

Association of ochratoxin A with chronic interstitial nephropathy in Tunisia [41] and its relation to renal tumors [42] provides additional support for the idea of the etiological role of this mycotoxin. Other fungal toxins, as zerealenone, citrinin [43] and aflatoxin were also isolated in endemic foci. Experimental models suggested that a combination of mycotoxins, rather than a single one, might be involved in the etiology of Balkan nephropathy [44]. 

Mycotoxins The mycotoxins are secondary products of fungal metabolism. Numerous mycotoxins have been identified as toxicants in humans and/or animal models with several organ systems, including the kidney, being targets for these fungal products. Perhaps the two mycotoxins that have received the most attention as nephrotoxicants are citrinin and ochratoxin A. These two mycotoxins have received particular interest due to their possible role in endemic Balkan nephropathy. 

Vrabcheva, T., Usleber, E., Dietrich, R., and Martlbauer, E. (2000). Co-occurrence of ochratoxin A and citrinin in cereals from Bulgarian villages with a history of Balkan endemic nephropathy. J. Agric. Food Chem. 48, 2483-2488. 

Chemical, physical, and toxicological data of ochratoxins was reviewed by IARC (34). The kidney is the target organ, and OA in association with citrinin has been implicated in endemic nephropathy in the Balkans (57). 

Vrabcheva T, Usleber E, Dietrich R, Martlbauer E (2000) Co-occurrence of Ochratoxin A and Citrinin in Cereals from Bulgarian Villages with a History of Balkan Endemic Nephropathy. J Agric Food Chem 48 2483... 

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