Citrate content

Example, sodium-rich medications, sodium bicarbonate, hypertonic IV fluids, nutrition, enemas, dialysis, plasma products (sodium citrate content)... 

Chenoweth,2 on the other hand, has observed no increase in the citrate content of brain in animals suffering a convulsive death after poisoning with methyl fluorobutyrate. 

Hydrol5dic polymerization in the ferric citrate system can be prevented if sufficient excess citrate is present in solution 66). Approximately 20 millimolar excess citrate is sufficient to supress pol3mier-ization of 1 millimolar iron, as indicated by dialysis and spectrophotomet-ric measurements. From pH titration in high citrate solutions, it was concluded 66) that a dicitrate complex of iron is formed at high pH. Presumably formation of the dicitrate chelate is competitive with hydrolytic polymerization. The fraction of polymer formed in ferric citrate solutions was found to decrease smoothly as the citrate content was increased up to 20 millimolar. The nuclear relaxation rate of the water protons in ferric citrate solutions increases with the citrate concentration. 

Although citric acid is present in milk in small amounts (0.07-0.4%), it is a required substrate for production of desirable butter-like flavor and aroma compounds in cultured products. Because seasonal variation in the citrate content of milk is sufficient to affect the flavor of cultured products (Mitchell, 1979), milk may need to be supplemented with citrate to produce cultured products with consistent flavor. Citric acid is metabolized by many organisms found in milk, including S. lactis subsp. diacetylactis, Leuconostoc spp., Bacillus subtilis, various lactobacilli, various yeasts, coliforms, and other enteric bacteria. 

Mitchell, G. E. 1979. Seasonal variation in citrate content of milk. Aust. J. Dairy TechnoL 34, 158-160. 

It is necessary to adjust the Ca, Mg, phosphate, and citrate content of the concentrate to control aggregation and precipitation of the proteins and minerals during sterilization. By controlling protein aggregation, this adjustment provides optimum viscosity to stabilize the protein, mineral, and milk fat emulsion systems during prolonged storage of the sterile product. Some milk concentrates are stabilized by addition of Ca and Mg salts, whereas others are stabilized by addition of phosphate or citrate salts (Parry, 1974). Chemical compounds approved for addition to evaporated milk include calcium chloride, sodium citrate, and disodium phosphate (CFR 1982). 

Adverse effects. High doses of acetazolamide may cause drowsiness and fever, rashes and paraesthesiae may occur, and blood disorders have been reported. Renal calculi may develop, because the urine calcium is in less soluble form owing to low citrate content of the urine, a consequence of metabolic acidosis. 

The source of contamination is the fractionation apparatus and can be located to containers, filters, and final product containers. The increase in aluminium content over the shelf-life period is due to the fact that the glass vial releases aluminium ions. This process is catalysed by the residual citrate content of albumin formulations and depends on the storage temperature as well as on the relation of the inner glass surface to the amount of liquid. For 10 ml bottles, stability of the aluminium content below 200 ng/ml cannot be guaranteed for the shelf life, irrespective of storage conditions. 

The fact that the bone tissue has a very high citrate content (C12) and that many factors, such as vitamin D or parathormone, act both on calcium and citrate metabolism, explains the importance of altered citrate concentration in blood and urine during bone diseases. Such alterations will not, however, be considered here, as they have been previously reviewed elsewhere (H8, L9, Nil). 

Properties. Important properties of NSP are free acid content, as H2SO4, 1—2% moisture content, 5—8% P2O5 soluble, in neutral citrate... 

Typically, grape skin extract has a specific gravity of 1.13 g/mL at 20°C, a solids content of 28—32° Brix (=t3°), a pH of 3.0, and a color strength as anthocyanin of about 1.25% (as measured at 520 nm ia pH 3.0 citrate buffet). Grape skin extract is also available as spray-dried powders with color values three to four times those of the liquid. The properties and uses of grape skin extract ate similar to those of grape color extract. 

Example. The Pechini method for fuel cell electrode preparation. La, Ba, Mn niU ates - - CgHgO — citrate complex - - C2FI6O2 — gel. Metal nitrates are complexed with citric acid, and then heated with ethylene glycol to form a transparent gel. This is then heated to 600 K to decompose the organic content and then to temperatures between 1000 and 1300K to produce tire oxide powder. The oxide materials prepared from the liquid metal-organic procedures usually have a more uniform particle size, and under the best circumstances, this can be less than one micron. Hence these particles are much more easily sintered at lower temperatures than for the powders produced by tire other methods. 

FIGURE 12.18 The dependence of melting temperature on relative (G + C) content in DNA. Note that T increases if ionic strength is raised at constant pH (pH 7) 0.01 M phos-phate+0.001 MEDTA versus 0.15 M NaCl/0.015 MNa citrate. In 0.15 M NaCl/0.015 MNa citrate, duplex DNA consisting of 100% A T pairs melts at less than 70 C, whereas DNA of 100% G C has a T greater than 110 "C. (From Marmur Jo and Doty, R, 1962. Journal of Molecular Biology 5 120.)... 

Sodium benzoate is used as a broad-spectrum antimicrobial, inhibiting bacteria, molds, and yeasts. The high acid content of the soft drink is necessary for the preservative action. Sodium citrate buffers the acids, so the pH stays low (acidic). It also emulsifies any fats or fat-soluble compounds in the flavorings, keeping them in solution. 

Wachenheim DE, RE Hespell (1984) Inhibitory effects of titanium(III) citrate on enumeration of bacteria from rumen contents. Appl Environ Microbiol 48 444-445. 

For the hydrosilylation reaction various rhodium, platinum, and cobalt catalysts were employed. For the further chain extension the OH-functionalities were deprotected by KCN in methanol. The final step involved the enzymatic polymerization from the maltoheptaose-modified polystyrene using a-D-glucose-l-phosphalc dipotassium salt dihydrate in a citrate buffer (pH = 6.2) and potato phosphorylase (Scheme 59). The characterization of the block copolymers was problematic in the case of high amylose contents, due to the insolubility of the copolymers in THF. 

Bangwei et al. [107] studied the influence of solution variables on the electroless deposition of Ni-W-P. Using citric acid as a complexant for both Ni2+ and WO j [67], they observed maxima as a function of WO concentration in solution in the P and W contents of the deposits (Fig. 10(a)) and kinetics of electroless deposition (Fig. 10(b)) the influence of citric acid on these three quantities is shown in Figs. 10(c) and 10(d). The increase in deposition rate with WO concentration may be due to consumption, through complexation, of citrate by WO, thereby increasing the concentration of the reactive uncomplexed Ni2+ ions. An increase in deposition rate with WO4- concentration was also observed by Osaka et al. [108], The rapid decrease in P and W compositions at concentrations greater than 0.05 mol dm-3... 

Similar complex data has been reported by Haowen et al. [109] for Ni-Sn-P films, again using citrate as a complexant, and by Aoki and Takano [110] for the influence of citrate concentration on the composition W in Ni-W-P alloys. In a study of the deposition of films containing up to 30 at% Sn, Osaka and coworkers [111] observed simpler behavior, evidently due to the more selective complexation of Ni2+ by citrate as a function of citrate concentration, they reported a rapid decrease in alloy deposition rate, an increase in Sn content in the deposit, and a slow decline in P content of the deposits. 

As the concentration of Ge(IV) was increased in the electroless solution, the deposition rate decreased rapidly, while the Ge content in the deposits increased (Fig. 11(b)). In contrast to a Ni-Ge-P solution employing a complexant such a citrate, increasing the concentration of Ge(IV) in the aspartate solution does not significantly alter the concentration of uncomplexed Ni2+ species through consumption of aspartate by Ge(IY). Thus, the decrease in deposition rate is associated with the soft character of the latter, which manifests itself in terms of strong adsorption on the Ni-Ge-P surface thereby inhibiting the electroless deposition process. 

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