Circulating energy

Circulating energy supply, ATP, made from various external sources... 

The ajTnbol Q is employed here to denote the quality factor of a resonant circuit, i.e., circulating energy divided by rate of energy loss. 

A significant advantage of nonisothcrmal control of the heat transfer medium in cocurrent or counter-current flow is the saving in circulation energy, since much smaller heat transfer medium streams must be circulated. Overall, the combination of several heat-transfer medium circuits (Fig. 16C) and the purposeful... 

The term channel induction furnace is appHed to those in which the energy for the process is produced in a channel of molten metal that forms the secondary circuit of an iron core transformer. The primary circuit consists of a copper cod which also encircles the core. This arrangement is quite similar to that used in a utdity transformer. Metal is heated within the loop by the passage of electric current and circulates to the hearth above to overcome the thermal losses of the furnace and provide power to melt additional metal as it is added. Figure 9 illustrates the simplest configuration of a single-channel induction melting furnace. Multiple inductors are also used for appHcations where additional power is required or increased rehabdity is necessary for continuous operation (11). 

Fig. 10. An idealized view of an HDR heat mine. Water circulating ia a closed loop is heated as it passes through fractures ia the hot rock. The energy is...

As of this writing, it has not been possible to use the seismic data which defines the volume of the reservoir to also determine the joint stmcture. Extended flow testing is the most direct measure of the efficiency and sustainabiUty of energy recovery from the reservoir. The use of chemical tracers in the circulating fluid can also provide valuable supporting data with regard to the multiplicity of flow paths and the transit time of fluid within the reservoir (37). 

Both of these pressure difference terms are not a lost energy because the energy is recovered in other parts of the fluid flow circuit if the circuit is a closed one. In an open flow circuit, the circulating pump or fan must work against these pressure differences or drops. 

The production of ketene by this method has no significant environmental impact. The off-gases from the ketene furnace are either circulated to the furnace and burned to save energy or led to a flare system. The reaction can also be carried out at 350—550°C in the presence of alkaH-exchanged zeoHte catalysts (54). Small quantities of ketene are prepared by pyrolysis of acetone [67-64-1] at 500—700°C in a commercially available ketene lamp (55,56). 

Approximately 45% of the world s phthaUc anhydride production is by partial oxidation of 0-xylene or naphthalene ia tubular fixed-bed reactors. Approximately 15,000 tubes of 25-mm dia would be used ia a 31,000 t/yr reactor. Nitrate salts at 375—410°C are circulated from steam generators to maintain reaction temperatures. The resultant steam can be used for gas compression and distillation as one step ia reduciag process energy requirements (100). 

Water is evaporated from purified brine using multiple-effect or vapor recompression evaporators (Figs. 3 and 4). Multiple-effect systems typically contain three or four forced-circulation evaporating vessels (Fig. 4) connected together in series. Steam from boilers suppHes the heat and is fed from one evaporator to the next to increase energy efficiency in the multiple-effect system. 

The use of wind as a renewable energy source involves the conversion of power contained in moving air masses to rotating shaft power. These air masses represent the complex circulation of winds near the surface of Earth caused by Earth s rotation and by convective heating from the sun. The actual conversion process utilizes basic aerodynamic forces, ie, lift or drag, to produce a net positive torque on a rotating shaft, resulting in the production of mechanical power, which can then be used directly or converted to electrical power. 

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