Circular logic

Speaker The problem I see is that it seems to be a kind of a circular logic because you put in what you know already, and this will interfere with the process you are studying. 

This review will not examine specific LBHB proposals since this was done in many of our works, including a very recent one.114 Instead we would only like to emphasize the importance of a well-defined, testable definition. We would also like to take exception with more traditional definitions that unfortunately led the LBHB proponents to a circular logic. The landmark work of Hibbert and Emsley115 classified HBs according to what they called weak, intermediate and strong HBs. Now, while the review of Ref. 115 is very instructive, it does not address the effect of the environment on the nature of HBs and thus, in contrast to the EVB approach, cannot be used to analyze this crucial effect or to examine the LBHB proposal. 

Has the essay avoided the problems of oversimplification, circular logic, and the post hoc fallacy ... 

Unfortunately, it is not always obvious when a change is critical, and when it is not. Indeed, one of the principal purposes of an MOC review is to determine the impact of a proposed change, i.e., to define its criticality. There is a danger of falling into the trap of circular logic ... 

Han, S.H. Lim, H.-G. (2012). Top event probability evaluation of a fault tree having circular logics by using Monte Carlo method. Nuclear Engineering and Design, 243(0) 336-340. 

Programming a CAM for fluorometry is far more complex than for spectrophotometry. Spectrophotometry is simple because it is based on the ratio of light in to light out. But fluorometry creates many of the problems associated with true radiometry—measuring the emission spectrum of an unknown source. The logic may become circular. Radiometry to determine an emission spectrum requires the relative spectral sensitivity of the photometer to be known, but how can this be determined without a source with a known emission spectrum Fortunately, physicists in our national standardization organizations provide us with calibrated sources and photometers. 

Although the change in state of the heat bath, hence the value of Q, usually is determined by measuring a change in temperature, this is a matter of convenience and custom. For a pure substance the state of a system is determined by specifying the values of two intensive variables. For a heat bath whose volume (and density) is hxed, the temperature is a convenient second variable. A measurement of the pressure, viscosity, or surface tension would determine the state of the system equally as well. This point is important to the logic of our development because a later dehnition of a temperature scale is based on heat measurements. To avoid circularity, the measurement of heat must be independent of the measurement of temperature. 

The experimental or empirical demonstration of RFR is a logical consequence of the detection of a term proportional to by van der Ziel et al. [37], and some experimental details are suggested here. It would be necessary to work initially on the interaction of a fermion beam with an electromagnetic beam. All levels of one fermion theory given in this section could then be tested under conditions that most closely approximate the theory. A successful demonstration of RFR would require careful engineering in the matter of beam interaction. The IFE has been demonstrated at 3.0 GHz by Deschamps et al. [75], and this experiment provides clues as to how to go about detecting RFR. It seems that the simplest demonstration is autoresonance, where the circularly polarized pump frequency (to) is adjusted to be the same as the RFR frequency (a)res) ... 

That DNA would bend on itself and become super-coiled in tightly packaged cellular DNA would seem logical, then, and perhaps even trivial, were it not for one additional fact many circular DNA molecules remain highly supercoiled even after they are extracted and purified, freed from protein and other cellular components. This indicates that supercoiling is an intrinsic property of DNA tertiary structure. It occurs in all cellular DNAs and is highly regulated by each cell. 

Practical measurements of temperature long preceded the theory of this important concept. Thermodynamics clearly requires the temperature concept, but thermometry (the theory of temperature measurements) is so deeply intertwined with general thermodynamic theory that we must take care to avoid logical circularity. 

Although the definition (3.35) allows practical progress, it rests on other concepts of temperature and thermal capacity that border on circular reasoning. Accordingly, we shall first attempt to formulate an alternative mechanical definition of heat that is of no practical significance, but satisfies the thermodynamicist s penchant for logical order. As in the case of temperature (Section 2.3), we attempt to characterize heat in terms of mechanical variables only (e.g., P, V), which are well defined in a pre-thermodynamic context. 

In the logic of the complex circular basis, unity is expressed as the product of two complex conjugates, referred to hereinafter as complex unity... 

Recent attention has been directed towards circular magnetization modes (i.e., clockwise and counterclockwise), rather than linear modes as an alternative basis for storage logic [22],... 

Mass balances are to be solved for this process. Perfect separation between methanol and the reactants is assumed. Unreacted reactants are recycled to the reactor to improve their utilization. The recycle stream within the process complicates solving the mass balances, for there is a circularity in the logic of the solution. The mass balance equations must be solved simultaneously rather than singly, or solved iteratively, as is done with a spread sheet. 

Fig. 6 The Galai particle-size analyzer uses a laser beam and a rotating wedge prism to measure the size of fine particles by the length of time the fine particle blocks the light reaching the photodetector. (A) Basic layout of the Galai instrument (B) the laser beam traces a circular path within the sample cell, and the logic of the instrument rejects any particles that are off-center or out of focus (C) the length of time that the laser beam is blocked is related to the size of the fine particle. (From Ref...

Have I avoided common weaknesses such as vague examples, fuzzy directions, circular definitions, overlapping categories, or logical fallacies, as discussed in the Problems to Avoid sections of Chapters 9-12 ... 

The (logical AND) operator and the (logical NOT) operator are used along with a nonstandard SQL function nbits set. This function and other related similarity functions are contained in the Appendix. The suitability of fragment keys, path-based or circular fingerprints, for any particular purpose is the subject of ongoing research.6... 

Wheeler, A., Advances in Catalysis 3, 249 (1951) introduced a roughness factor in a similar way a shape factor, taking account of the non-circular character of the cross-section seems to be more logical (see J. J. Steggerda, Thesis, Delft, 1955). 

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