Chrysanthemum spp

The compounds featured in Table 1.1 are considered briefly here. Pyrethrins are lipophilic esters that occur in Chrysanthemum spp. Extracts of flower heads of Chrysanthemum spp. contain six different pyrethrins and have been used for insect control (Chapter 12). Pyrethrins act upon sodium channels in a manner similar to p,p -DDT. The highly successful synthetic pyrethroid insecticides were modeled on natural pyrethrins. 

Mitchell JC, Dupuis G, Towers GH (1972) Allergic contact dermatitis from pyrethrum (Chrysanthemum spp). The roles of pyrethrosin, a sesquiterpene lactone, and of pyrethrin II. Br J Dermatol 86 568-573... 

Pyrethroid insecticides are widely used because of their high activity as an insecticide and low mammalian toxicity. Pyrethroids are in group 3, sodium channel modulators. The pyrethroids have a highly nonpolar nature, low water solubility, and high affinity to soil and sediment particulate matter. Natural pyrethrin is extracted from the flowers of Chrysanthemum spp., and its use was already known in China in the first century A.D. Pyrethroids, synthetic analogues of pyrethrin, have been produced since 1940 [26]. 

Chemicals have been used to kill or control pests for centuries. The Chinese used arsenic to control insects, the early Romans used common salt to control weeds and sulfur to control insects. In the 1800s pyrethrin (i.e., compounds present in the flowers of the chrysanthemum, Pyrethrum cineraefolium) was found to have insecticidal properties. The roots of certain Derris plant species, (D. elliptica and Lonchocarpus spp.) were used by the Chinese and by South American natives as a fish poison. The active ingredient, rotenone, was isolated in 1895 and used for insect control. Another material... 

Kalmia latifolia, Leucothoe grayana, L. spp., Rhododendron spp. (Ericaceae) in honey from Rhododendron-feeding bees Tanacetum (Chrysanthemum) cinerariifolium (pyrethrum) (Asteraceae) Leopold Ruzicka (Croatia/Switzerland, Nobel Prize, 1939, Chemistry, polymethylenes terpenes) Tanacetum (Chrysanthemum) cinerariifolium (pyrethrum) (Asteraceae)... 

Ambrosia spp., Arctotis spp., Chrysanthemum parthenium, Tanacetum mtgare (tansy), (Asteraceae), Mkhelia champaca, M. lanuginosa (Magnoliaceae)... 

Chrysanthemum parthenium, 7anacetum vulgare (Asteraceae), Michelia spp. (Magnoliaceae)... 

Artemisia rubripes, Chrysanthemum indicum [flower], Eupatorium semiserratum, Tanacetum vulgare (Asteraceae) [aerial], Sideritis tomentosa, S. spp. (Lamiaceae) [aerial], Citrus reticulata (Rutaceae) [fruit peel]... 

Chrysanthemum indicum (Asteraceae) [flower], Buddleja officinalis (Loganiaceae) [flower], Humulus japonicus (Cannabaceae), Salix spp. (Salicaceae)... 

Isol. from Sideritis canariensis, the guggula resin from Commiphora mukul, Xanthoxylum spp. and Talauma hodgsoni, Constit. of sesame oil. Isol. from pyrethrum flowers Chrysanthemum cinereriaefolium). Synergist for pyrethrum insecticides. Needles (EtOH). Mp 123-124 . [a]20 -K68.2 (CHCI3), +78.4 (CHCI3). (-Konn [13079-95-3]... 

A hobby gardener developed delayed urticaria from elm, Ulmus spp., with inhibition by aluminum sulphate [399]- Other plants causing contact urticaria in this group include Lily longifolium and tulip [400], Limonium tartaricum (from dried flowers) [401], and chrysanthemum [402]. For a more complete listing of contact urticaria to plants see Lahti [403] and Table 6. 

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