Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium

STAHL, for instance, was able to demonstrate that on irradiation with long-wavelength UV light the naturally occurring contact insecticides pyrethrin I and II, cinerin I and II and jasmolin I and II present in Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium are converted to inactive pyrethrin oxides by the incorporation of oxygen [7]. 

Natural pyrethrum products (pyrethrins extracted from Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium). 

Kalmia latifolia, Leucothoe grayana, L. spp., Rhododendron spp. (Ericaceae) in honey from Rhododendron-feeding bees Tanacetum (Chrysanthemum) cinerariifolium (pyrethrum) (Asteraceae) Leopold Ruzicka (Croatia/Switzerland, Nobel Prize, 1939, Chemistry, polymethylenes terpenes) Tanacetum (Chrysanthemum) cinerariifolium (pyrethrum) (Asteraceae)... 

Other antimicrobial terpenes from the Anthemideae tribe are pyrethrins. Bioassay-directed fractionation of the organic extract of Kenyan pyrethrum flowers Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium Vissiani) resulted in the isolation of two natural pyrethrin esters, pyrethrins I and II, as the major constituents [204]. These esters elicited inhibition of the multiple drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. 

A second topical agent that is very useful in the treatment of ectoparasites is permethrin, a synthetic derivative of the insecticide pyrethrum, which was obtained originally from Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium. Neurotoxicity associated with this compound is rare. A 5% cream (acticin, elimete, others) is available for the treatment of scabies. This is used as an 8-12-hour or overnight application. A 1% permethrin cream rinse (nix) also is available for the treatment of head lice. 

The Dalmatian insect powder, as its name imphes, was prepared from the dried, crushed blooms of the Dalmatian insect-flower (Tanacetum cinerarUfoli-um, syn. Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium, Pyrethrum cinerariifolium) (Fig. 8.23). 

Keywords Biosynthesis Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium Natural pyrethrins Tanacetum cinerariifolium... 

Chrysanthemum cinerriaefolium C. jucundum, C. koraiense, C. morifolium, C. sinenseCitrus reticulata, Leonurus heterophyllus, L. japonicus, L. macranthus, L. mongolicus, L. pseudo-macranthus, Pyrethrum cinerariifolium, P. sinense, Solanum lyratum, S. melongena Stachys chinensis, S. baicalensis, S. japonica... 

E. globulus, Juniperus rigida, Melaleuca leucadendra, Mentha spicata, M. x piperita, Salvia officinalis, Vitex labrusca, V. agnus-castus Chrysanthemum cinerriaefolium, Pyrethrum cinerariifolium Cinnamomum zeglanicum, C. cassia... 

Chrysanthemum cinerriaefolium, Pyrethrum cinerariifolium Leonurus cardiaca Senecio vulgaris, S. aureus Tussilago farfara... 

The pyrethrins are valuable insecticidal components of pyrethrum flowers, Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium (= Tanacetum cinerariifolium) (Compositae/Asteraceae). The flowers are harvested just before they are fully expanded, and usually processed to an extract. Pyrethrum cultivation is conducted in East Africa, especially Kenya, and more recently in Ecuador and Australia. The natural pyrethrins are used as a constituent of insect sprays for household use and as post-harvest insecticides, having a rapid action on the nervous system of insects, whilst being biodegradable and non-toxic to mammals, though they are toxic to fish and amphibians. This biodegradation, initiated by air and light, means few insects develop resistance to the pyrethrins, but it does limit the lifetime of the insecticide under normal conditions to just a few hours. 

The pyrethrum daisies Chrysanthemum (=Tanacetum) cinerariifolium and C. cocci neum contain several compounds that kill insect pests on contact. You can purchase this insecticide in several forms The dried flqwer heads are called pyrethtum, while the extmeted active ingredients are called pyrethrin. (Pyrethroids are synthetic versions of the insecticide that are even more toxic to insects.)... 

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