Chronic disease pathophysiology

There is epidemiologic evidence to suggest an increased prevalence of duodenal ulcers in patients with certain chronic diseases, but the pathophysiologic mechanisms of these associations are uncertain. A strong association exists in patients with systemic mastocytosis, multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1, chronic pulmonary diseases, chronic renal failure, kidney stones, hepatic cirrhosis, and ai-antitrypsin deficiency. An association may exist in patients with cystic fibrosis, chronic pancreatitis, Crohn s disease, coronary artery disease, polycythemia vera, and hyperparathyroidism. 

Diarrhea may be associated with a specific disease of the intestines or secondary to a disease outside the intestines. For instance, baciUary dysentery directly affects the gut, whereas diabetes meUitus causes neuropathic diarrheal episodes. Furthermore, diarrhea can be considered as acnte or chronic disease. Infectious diarrhea is often acnte diabetic diarrhea is chronic. Whether acute or chronic, diarrhea has the same pathophysiologic canses that help identification of specific treatments. 

In broad terms, pain can be divided into two categories, acute and chronic, which differ in their aetiology, mechanisms and pathophysiology. Acute pain and its associated responses are provoked by noxious stimulation and/or disease, or by abnormal function of muscle or viscerae which does not involve actual tissue damage. Although acute pain conditions may last for a length of time if not treated effectively, many cases of acute... 

Describe the pathophysiology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). 

FIGURE 23-1. Proposed mechanisms for progression of renal disease. (From Joy MS, Kshirsagar A, Paparello J. Chronic kidney disease Progression-modifying therapies. In DiPiro JT, Talbert RL, Yee GC, et al, (eds.) Pharmacotherapy A Pathophysiologic Approach. 6th ed. New York McGraw-Hill 2005 803, with permission.)... 

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