Chromium bioaccumulation

Two metallic components of drilling muds, barium and chromium, have been studied for their impact on bivale molluscs44. Generally, chromium bioaccumulation is limited to forms soluble in seawater, whereas barium, present as insoluble BaS04, is assimilated with a resultant elevated level in selected organs of the molluscs45,46. ... 

Hadjispyreu S, Kungeles A, Anagncstcpeules A (2001) Toxicity, bioaccumulation, and interactive effects ef organotin, cadmium, and chromium on Artemia franciscana. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 49 179-186. 

Srinath T, Verma T, Ramteke PW, Garg SK (2002) Chromium biosorption and bioaccumulation by chromate resistant bacteria. Chemosphere 48 427-435 Stephen JR, Macnaughton SJ (1999) Developments in terrestrial bacterial remediation of metals. Curr Opinion Biotechnol 10 230-233 Tabak HH, Lens P, van Hullebusch ED, Dejonghe W (2005) Developments in bioremediation of soils and sediments polluted with metals and radionuclides 1. Microbial processes and mechanisms affecting bioremediation of metal contamination and influencing metal toxicity and transport. Rev Environ Sci Bio/Technol. 4 115-156... 

Outridge, P.M. and A.M. Scheuhammer. 1993. Bioaccumulation and toxicology of chromium implications for wildlife. Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 130 31-77. 

Ahsanullah, M. and A.R. Williams. 1991. Sublethal effects and bioaccumulation of cadmium, chromium, copper and zinc in the marine amphipod Allorchestes compressa. Mar. Biol. 108 59-65. 

Metals frequently occurring in the state s waste streams include cadmium, chromium, lead, arsenic, zinc, copper, barium, nickel, antimony, beryllium, mercury, vanadium, cobalt, silver, and selenium. These metals are toxic to humans and other organisms, are persistent in the environment, and can bioaccumulate in food chains. They are typically used by businesses in many industrial categories, as shown in Table 2.1-1. 

Food Chain Bioaccumulation. Chromium does not bioconcentrate in fish (EPA 1980,1984a Fishbein 1981 Schmidt and Andren 1984). There is no indication of biomagnification of chromium along the aquatic food chain (Cary 1982). Some data indicate that chromium has a low mobility for translocation from roots to above-ground parts of plants (Cary 1982 WHO 1988). However, more data regarding the transfer ratio of chromium from soil to plants and biomagnification in terrestrial food chains would be desirable. 

The database of federal research programs in progress (FEDRIP) indicates several current projects that may fill some existing data gaps. Dr. Syed M. Naqvi at Southern University is investigating the extent to which chromium can bioaccumulate in crayfish tissues consumed by humans (FEDRIP 1999). 

The results of sequential leaching experiments and the bioaccumulation studies reveal a selective assimilation of certain chemical forms of some trace metals by molluscs. There seems to be a relationship between seawater-soluble chromium levels and accumulation of the element in the kidneys of exposed bivalves. Particulate forms of chromium, while present in the digestive glands, do not appear to have been assimilated by the organisms, even though much of the total chromium was dissolved by a relatively mild extractant -25% acetic acid. Thus, an estimation of the bioavailability of particulate metals based on their solubility in dilute acetic acid can be erroneously high, at least for herbivorous filter feeders. 

Ali NA, Ater M, Sunahara GI, et al. Phytotoxicity and bioaccumulation of copper and chromium using barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) in spiked artificial and natural forest soils. Ecotoxicol Environ Sa/2004 57(3) 363-74. 

Srinath T, Verma T, Ramteke PW and Garg SK (2002) Chromium (VI) biosorption and bioaccumulation by chromate resistant bacteria. Chemo-sphere 48 427-435. 

The presence of heavy metals ions in the environment poses a serious and complex environmental and public problem. Therefore, many studies have been conducted by researchers to reduce the concentration of heavy metals in the wastewaters before being discharged into aquatic systems. Metal ions snch as lead, copper, cadmium, iron, nickel, mercnry, zinc, and chromium are one of the considerable potentially toxics. These metals ions are of specific concern due to their toxicity, bioaccumulation tendency, and persistency in natnre [1, 2]. The removal of toxic metal ions from wastewaters by... 

The term per(poly)fluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) is the common name for a group of synthetic fluorinated chemicals, including oligomers and polymers. The major areas of use for currently available PFASs are in fire-fighting foams and the chromium-plating industry. PFASs are persistent compounds with bioaccumulation potential that have a negative impact on the environment. Their presence has been confirmed in abiotic and biotic components of the environment around the world. 

Of the metals considered, cadmium and mercury are the most toxic to humans and are also bioaccumulative historically, poisoning incidents by these metals has been via the contaminated foodstuffs pathway. Arsenic is less toxic than cadmium or mercury, as it is more easily eliminated from organisms, but is a more common contaminant and is often present at relatively high levels. In the developing world the most common pathway to humans is via drinking water, but in the UK soil ingestion is of more concern. Chromium is extremely mobile... 

---