Chromium and its compounds

A78. M. J. Udy, ed., Chromium, ACS Monograph No. 132. Reinhold, New York, 1956. Volume 1 Chemistry of chromium and its compounds. Chapter 6, M. C. Udy The physical and chemical properties of compounds of chromium. The last section, pp. 240-246, organometallic chromium compounds, is almost entirely concerned with a discussion of polyphenylchromium compounds, at the time of writing not recognized as bis-7r-arenechromium derivatives. 

Sullivan, R. J. Preliminary Air Pollution Survey of Chromium and Its Compounds. A Literature Review. National Air Pollution Control Administration Publication No. APTD 69-34. Bethesda, Md. Litton Systems, Inc., 1%9. 75 pp. 

In addition to the conventional pollutant constituents, USEPA made a survey of the presence of the 126 toxic pollutants listed as priority pollutants in refinery operations in 1977 [5]. The survey responses indicated that 71 toxic pollutants were purchased as raw or intermediate materials 19 of these were purchased by single refineries. At least 10% of aU refineries purchase the following toxic pollutants benzene, carbon tetrachloride, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, phenol, toluene, zinc and its compounds, chromium and its compounds, copper and its compounds, and lead and its compounds. Zinc and chromium are purchased by 28% of all refineries, and lead is purchased by nearly 48% of all plants. 

Chromates, Dichromates, Trichromates T etra-chromates. See p C274-Lff Chromic Acid. See p C298-R to C299-L Chromium and Its Compounds. See pp C300-Lff Diazonium compounds and sodium sulfides react vigorously and are known to explode. Similar explosive reactions have been observed with H2S, also (Refs 40 41)... 

Cardiovascular Effects. Information regarding cardiovascular effects in humans after inhalation exposure to chromium and its compounds is limited. In a survey of a facility engaged in chromate production in Italy, where exposure concentrations were 0.01 mg chromium(VI)/m3, electrocardiograms were recorded for 22 of the 65 workers who worked in the production of dichromate and chromium trioxide for at least 1 year. No abnormalities were found (Sassi 1956). An extensive survey to determine the health status of chromate workers in seven U.S. chromate production plants found no association between heart disease or effects on blood pressure and exposure to chromates. Various manufacturing processes in the plants resulted in exposure of workers to chromite ore (mean time-weighted concentration of 0-0.89 mg chromium(ni)/m3) water-soluble chromium(VI) compounds (0.005-0.17 mg chromium(VI)/m3) and acid-soluble/water-insoluble chromium compounds (including basic chromium sulfate), which may or may not entirely represent trivalent chromium (0-0.47 mg chromium/m3) (PHS 1953). No excess deaths were observed from cardiovascular diseases and ischemic heart disease in a cohort of 4,227 stainless steel production workers from 1968 to 1984 when compared to expected deaths based on national rates and matched for age, sex, and calender time (Moulin et al. 1993). No measurements of exposure were provided. In a cohort of 3,408 individuals who had worked in 4 facilities that produced chromium compounds from chromite ore in northern New Jersey sometime between 1937 and 1971, where the exposure durations of workers ranged from <1 to >20 years, and no increases in atherosclerotic heart disease were evident (Rosenman and Stanbury 1996). The proportionate mortality ratios for white and black men were 97 (confidence limits 88-107) and 90 (confidence limits 72-111), respectively. 

Physical and Chemical Properties. As seen in Section 3.2, the relevant physical and chemical properties of chromium and its compounds are known (Hartford 1979 Weast 1985) and prediction of environmental fate and transport of chromium in environmental media is possible. However, the physical or chemical forms and the mode by which chromium(III) compounds are incorporated into biological systems are not well characterized. The determination of the solubilities of hexavalent chromium compounds in relevant body fluids (e.g., the solubility of chromates in lung fluid) may also be helpful. 

Shmitova LA. 1978. [The course of pregnancy in women engaged in the production of chromium and its compounds], Vliy Prof Fakt Spet Funk Zhensk Organ, Sverd 108-111. (Russian). 

CONSENSUS REPORTS Reported in EPA TSCA Inventory. Chromium and its compounds are on the Community Right-To-Know List. 

CONSENSUS REPORTS NTP 10th Report on Carcinogens. I ARC Cancer Review Group 3 IMEMDT 7,165,87 Animal Inadequate Evidence IMEMDT 23,205,80. Reported in EPA TSCA Inventory. Chromium and its compounds are on the Community Right-To-Know List. 

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