Chromatography industrial processes

Bonmati, R. and Guiochon, G. Perfumer and Flavourist 3 (October, 1978) 17. Gas chromatography as an industrial process operation — application to essential oils. 

Chromatography also has its own special equipment requirements that vary dependent on the type and scale of the procedure, and the efficiency level desired from the separation. This paper deals predominantly with chromatographic separations as they pertain to large-scale industrial processes and their special needs and considerations. 

Some particular processes can require very high pressures for special applications (i.e. in explosive welding and plating), but pressures between 100 and 1000 bar can be found easily in different industrial processes. Typical examples are the synthesis of ammonia, the synthesis of methanol and the production of low-density polyethylene, but also analytical techniques as high-pressure liquid chromatography. Other important implications are for the storage and transportation of fluids and enhanced oil recovery. 

While supercritical fluid chromatography seems to have a controversial benefit, supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) is a technique used world-wide and plays an important role in many industrial processes, such as the decaffei-nation of coffee. Due to the high information content of NMR spectroscopy, the hyphenation of SFE with NMR spectroscopy promises a deep insight into the extraction process itself, thus leading to a better understanding and development of more efficient extractions. 

Bonmati, R., Chapelet-Letourneux, G., and Guiochon, G. (1984) Gas chromatography a new industrial process of separation. Application to essential oils. Sep. Sci. Techn. 19, 113-155. 

Cassidy and Niro [13] have applied high-speed liquid chromatography combined with infrared spectroscopy to the analysis of polyoxyethylene surfactants and their decomposition products in industrial process waters. Molecular sieve chromatography... 

Electric Field Applications in Chromatography, Industrial and Chemical Processes, Ed. T. Tsuda, VCH, Weinheim, Germany. 

Chromium is used in a number of industrial processes and, as noted, has toxicity that is highly dependent on its speciation. The combination of ion chromatography and ICP-MS detection has been used to measure Cr(III) and Cr(VI) in waste water [412]. Ion-pairing HPLC-ICP-MS was used to measure chromium species in seawater [413], Speciation of chromium dyes was also reported by HPLC-ICP-MS [414]. 

Puma, P. (1997). Chromatography in process development. In HPLC Practical and Industrial Applications (J. Swadesh, ed.), pp. 81-110. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. 

Such methods are applicable not only to coupled chromatography but also in areas such as pH dependence of equilibria, whereby the spectra of a mixture of chemical species can be followed with change of pH. It would be possible to record 20 spectra and then treat each independently. Sometimes this can lead to good quantification, but including the information that each component will be unimodal or monotonic over the course of a pH titration results in further insight. Another important application is in industrial process control where concentrations of compounds or levels of various factors may have a specific evolution over time. 

This book covers the theory, development, and application in considerable detail and describes the history of development of Ion exchange materials and the advances in their utilization in industrial processes. Key applications in such areas as water purification, hydrometallurgy, and chromatography are described and supported by chapters on the related scientific fundamentals governing equilibria and kinetics of Ion exchange. 

In human activity, industry has to produce material products and goods. The chemical industry produces millions of metric tons of basic chemicals such as soda, ethylene, sulfuric acid, or urea, and a few kilograms or less of fine and/or complicated chemicals such as chiral drugs, catalysts, antibiotics, or delicate perfumes. Countercurrent chromatography (CCC) is useful in the production of the latter class of chemicals. This entry explains the role that CCC can play in industrial processes, revealing concepts and ideas rather than detailing examples that can be found elsewhere. At the moment, only a handful of chemical companies are using CCC in commercial processes. Often, they are, apparently, very successful with the technique, because they purchase more CCC systems and CCC becomes part of the production process. The problem is the companies do not make nor want their chemical competitors to know that CCC works. 

S. Heberling, B. Joyce, and K. Haak, Applications of Transition Metal Ion Chromatography to High Purity and Industrial Process Waters , Presentation 5th Semiconductor Pure Water Conference, 1986, San Francisco, CA, USA. 

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