Chromatography historical development

Overview of historical developments in gas chromatography Date Event... 

Direct determination of intact carbamate pesticides by sensitive and specific gas chromatographic procedures can be done. Historically, these procedures employed a derivatization step to render the carbamates amenable to gas chromatography. Recent developments in column technology have allowed for the gas chromatography of some intact carbamates at nanogram and subnanogram sensitivity (6 7, 8). 

This is only a small glimpse of the historical development of chromatography it is a fascinating story, and more complete accounts have been published by Ettre.10... 

The brief historical development in the last chapter noted that the early theoretical papers described chromatography in terms similar to distillation or extraction and were known as the plate theory. Useful as it may have been in the development of chromatography, the plate theory is of little value in modern chromatography and has been replaced by the rate theory. Any of the early books on gas chromatography can be consulted for a discussion of the plate theory, and Giddings1 has written a good historical summary of the concurrent development of the plate and rate theories. 

HPLC is but one of several chromatographic techniques. Having looked at the role of chromatographic techniques in analysis in order to appreciate their importance, it now remains to look at how HPLC emerged as a logical progression out of the historical development of chromatography. 

Stahl, E. The historical development of the method. In Thin layer Chromatography (E. Stahl, Ed.) pp. 1-6, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1969. 

The equilibrium-dispersive model had been discussed and studied in the literature long before the formulation of the ideal model. Bohart and Adams [2] derived the equation of the model as early as 1920, but it does not seem that they attempted any calculations based on this model. Wicke [3,4] derived the mass balance equation of the model in 1939 and discussed its application to gas chromatography on activated charcoal. In this chapter, we describe the equilibrium-dispersive model, its historical development, the inherent assumptions, the input parameters required, the methods used for the calculation of solutions, and their characteristic features. In addition, some approximate analytical solutions of the equilibrium-dispersive model are presented. 

Figure 4.17. Diagrams depicting the historical development of chromatography data handling systems.

The history of chromatography and adsorption chromatography, from its earliest pre-Christian antecedents to its explicit discovery by Tswett and its subsequent development by more recent workers, has been covered in great detail by other writers [e.g.. Refs. 1-4) for reasonably complete coverage]. These historical reviews emphasize the experimental side of adsorption chromatography almost to the exclusion of theoretical contributions, because advances in the method have been for the most part advances in technique. In the present brief section we will attempt to focus attention on the historical development of an understanding of the adsorption chromatographic process. 

Historically, developments in chromatography led to a marked growth in research on polysaccharides and carbohydrate-containing biopolymers, which commonly entailed glycol-cleavage oxidation. With time, NMR spectroscopy and mass spectroscopy have acquired complementary roles of ever-increasing importance in studies on molecular structure. 

Liska I (2000) Fifty years of solid-phase extraction in water analysis - historical development and overview, review. Journal of Chromatography A 885 3-16. 

Several column types have been used to separate nucleic acids. A discussion of the historical development of DNA and RNA chromatography is followed by a brief description of the column development that has led to the modern use of ion-pairing chromatography. 

At present chromatography is a separate well developed field of knowledge derived from adsorption [99] and one of the most important analytical methods [100-102]. It is commonly applied for industrial separation of complex mixtures [103-105]. The historical development of chromatography is presented in the book [106] that describes some important milestones of its theory and practice and the scientists who deserve thanks for developing this technique. 

The major chromatographic techniques have been included. However, the book does not intend to give a comprehensive overview of the historic developments in separation science, and some classical techniques that are not in use today have not been covered. An example is paper chromatography, which was replaced by the more efficient thin layer chromatography a long time ago. Another example is column liquid-liquid partition chromatography, which more or less disappeared after the introduction of chemically bonded phases in HPLC. 

Therefore, in the following paragraphs first the basic principles of enantioselective HPLC are introduced, which show many similarities to those known from RP and NP chromatographies. After this introduction, the CSPs most frequently applied in industrial practice are briefly described. Deliberately, not all commercially available stationary phases are listed and phases that are only available in academia are not described. In the limited space of this chapter, no review of the historical developments that have led to today s CSPs is given. 

Although the interest in, and application of layer chromatography has historically resulted from the development of PC, it was soon replaced by thin-layer chromatography (TLC). In PC, only one stationary phase matrix is available (cellulose), at variance to TLC (silica, polyamide, ion-exchange resins, cellulose). Using a silica-gel plate, separation of a sample can be accomplished in approximately 1 h as compared with many hours on paper. The plate size is much smaller than the necessary paper size. Also, more samples can be spotted... 

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