Tools choice available

While we carmot necessarily expect to conserve organisms that we cannot identify, several attempts at conservation shortcuts have been made to prioritise action amongst the species we do know. All recognise that the available resources for conservation are insufficient to prevent the loss of much of the world s threatened biodiversity. Conservation planners have been forced to prioritise which species and areas should receive the most protection, in the context of great uncertainty -this has become known as the agony of choice . Several tools have been developed to aid them in prioritising conservation actions. One of the most highly cited is that... 

Simulation tools are available for sizing and analyzing plants. However, these tools do not replace the designer as the architect of the plant because selection of process and the sequenciag of units are the designers choices. The same is tme for heat-exchanger networks. Most of the commercial process simulator companies market computer modules that perform some of the tedious steps ia the process but none is able to remove the designer from the process. 

Because Raman spectroscopy requires one only to guide a laser beam to the sample and extract a scattered beam, the technique is easily adaptable to measurements as a function of temperature and pressure. High temperatures can be achieved by using a small furnace built into the sample compartment. Low temperatures, easily to 78 K (liquid nitrogen) and with some diflSculty to 4.2 K (liquid helium), can be achieved with various commercially available cryostats. Chambers suitable for Raman spectroscopy to pressures of a few hundred MPa can be constructed using sapphire windows for the laser and scattered beams. However, Raman spectroscopy is the characterizadon tool of choice in diamond-anvil high-pressure cells, which produce pressures well in excess of 100 GPa. ... 

Bloassays are useful tools for detecting physiological activity of substances (allelochemlcals) In plant and soil extracts and for following activity as extracts are purified and the components separated Into various fractions. Frequently, a bloassay detects physiological activity at concentrations much lower than the sensitivity of chemical tests. The choice of a bloassay depends upon the amount of chemical available for testing, the suspected physiological activity of the allelochemlcal, and the sensitivity... 

Optical sensors are in continuous development and are offering to the physicians reliable and efficient tools for in-vivo continuous diagnosis. The several instruments already available on the market and the more numerous systems developed at an advanced stage in the labs testifies that optical sensors are one of the primary choice for scientists and for physicians when an in-vivo continuos monitoring should be carried out. 

PSI-BLAST (Altschul et al., 1997) is rapidly becoming the tool of choice for protein database searching because of its speed, sensitivity and ease of use. It presents a very large improvement over the older versions of BLAST and new gapped-BLAST implementations (Altschul et al., 1997 Altschul et al., 1990). However, a naive user can easily be misled or not get the best possible results. PSI-BLAST is available as a stand-alone program from ftp //and as an interactive web tool at http //www.ncbi. nlm.nih.gov/cgibin/BLAST/nph-psi blast... 

The polarization properties of light in combination with fluorescence can be used as a powerful tool for determining motional properties of membranes. This is possible due to the fact that the time scale of interest for membrane lipids falls within the time frame of the fluorescence decay phenomena (0-100+ ns). This, coupled with high sensitivity, low perturbing properties of fluorescent probes, and the large number of available probes, makes the fluorescence approach the method of choice for membrane motional studies. 

The bakers yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae represents probably the currently best researched and understood eukaryotic organism. Most of its genes have been knocked out for functional studies, and hence a vast variety of mutant strains as well as tools for their manipulation are available. This in concordance with short generation times and a growth medium that is comparable in cost and complexity to bacterial media has made the yeast system a frequent choice for the evaluation of transmembrane carriers. 

So far, very few attempts at improving ion conductivity have been realized via the salt approach, because the choice of anions suitable for lithium electrolyte solute is limited. Instead, solvent composition tailoring has been the main tool for manipulating electrolyte ion conductivity due to the availability of a vast number of candidate solvents. Considerable knowledge has been accumulated on the correlation between solvent properties and ion conductivity, and the most important are the two bulk properties of the solvents, dielectric constant e and viscosity rj, which determine the charge carrier number n and ion mobility (w ), respectively. 

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