Chloroprocaine

Chloroprocaine hydrochloride [3858-89-7] is characterized by low potency, rapid onset, short duration of action, and low systemic toxicity. It is indicated for infiltration anesthesia at 1—2% and for extradural anesthesia at 2—3% when short surgical procedures are performed under regional anesthesia. Chloroprocaine may be mixed with long duration agents such as bupivacaine (22, R = n-Q [) to afford a more rapid onset and shorter duration of action than bupivacaine alone. 

Benactyzine hydrochloride Benoxinate hydrochloride Caramiphen edisylate Chloroprocaine HCI Dicyclomine HCI Valethamate bromide 4-( -Diethylaminoethoxy) benzophenone Clomiphene dihydrogen citrate 2-(2-Diethylaminoethyl) acetic acid ethyl ester Chromonar HCI 2-Diethylaminoethyiamine Ambenonium chloride Chlorisondamine chloride Diethylaminoethyl chloride Captodiamine Dlltiazem HCI Flurazepam Penthienate bromide Tiropramide Tripara nol... 

Some other anesthetics with similar structures are prilocaine, tetracaine, ropivacaine, bupivacaine, chloroprocaine, and mepivacaine ... 

Chlorogalum porneridianum, 207 chloroprocaine, 175 chocolate, 125, 157, 158, 159 choline, 1, 20 chromophores, 192-193 cigarette lighters, 224 cigarettes, 60 cinnamates, 10 cinoxate, 10 citrates, 19, 100... 

CftH 5NO 100-37-8) see Adiphenine Benactyzine Bielamiverine Dicycloverine Otilonium bromide Oxybuprocaine Oxyphenonium bromide Parethoxycaine Procaine Valethamate bromide 2-(diethylamino)ethanol hydrochloride (C HijCINO 14426-20-1) see Chloroprocaine... 

A number of anesthetic molecules, including procaine, benzocaine, chloroprocaine, butyl -aininobenzoate, and 2-aminopicoUne, possess primary amino groups. These groups provide a means for the attachment of the bioactive molecules to a pol3 hosphazene skeleton through the chemistry shown in Scheme I (33). 

The primary site of action of epidurally administered agents is on the spinal nerve roots. As with spinal anesthesia, the choice of drug to be used is determined primarily by the duration of anesthesia desired. However, when a catheter has been placed, short-acting drugs can be administered repeatedly. Bupivacaine is typically used when a long duration of surgical block is needed. Lidocaine is used most often for intermediate length procedures chloroprocaine is used when only a very short duration of anesthesia is required. 

Epidural anesthesia This term is understood to be an introduction of local anesthetic into the spinal cord membrane of the intervertebral space. It is used during obstetrical and gynecological interventions that do not require a fast development of anesthesia. Drugs such as lidocaine, mepivacaine, bupivacaine, ethidocaine, and chloroprocaine are used for this purpose. 

Chloroprocaine Chloroprocaine, the 2-diethylaminoethyl ester of 2-chloro-4-aminoben-zoic acid (2.1.5), is the ortho-chlorinated (in relation to the carbonyl group of the benzene ring) analog of procaine. Synthesis of this drag is accomplished by directly reacting the hydrochloride of the 4-amino-2-chlorbenzoic acid chloride (2.1.4) with hydrochloride of diethylaminoethanol. The hydrochloride of 4-amino-2-chlorbenzoic acid chloride needed for synthesis is synthesized by reacting 2-chloro -aminobenzoic acid with thionyl chloride [5],... 

Chloroprocaine is used in situations requiring fast-acting pain relief. It is also used in infiltration anesthesia, blocking peripheral nerve transmission, and in spinal and epidural anesthesia. Nesacaine is a synonym for chloroprocaine. 

Tetracaine Tetracaine, the 2-diethylaminoethyl ester of 4-butylaminobenzoic acid (2.1.6), is also structurally analogous to procaine, in which the amino group of the benzene ring is replaced by a butylamine radical. The methods for its synthesis are the same as the above-mentioned methods for procaine or chloroprocaine, with the exception of using 4-butylaminobenzoic acid in place of 4-aminobenzoic acid. There is also a proposed method of synthesis that comes directly from procaine (2.1.1). It consists on its direct reaction with butyric aldehyde and simultaneous reduction by hydrogen using a palladium on carbon catalyst [6]. 

The metabolic degradation of local anesthetics depends on whether the compound has an ester or an amide linkage. Esters are extensively and rapidly metabolized in plasma by pseudochoUnesterase, whereas the amide linkage is resistant to hydrolysis. The rate of local anesthetic hydrolysis is important, since slow biotransformation may lead to drug accumulation and toxicity. In patients with atypical plasma cholinesterase, the use of ester-linked compounds, such as chloroprocaine, procaine and tetracaine, has an increased potential for toxicity. The hydrolysis of all ester-linked local anesthetics leads to the formation of paraaminobenzoic acid (PABA), which is known to be allergenic. Therefore, some people have allergic reactions to the ester class of local anesthetics. 

Chloroprocaine hydrochloride (Nesacaine) is obtained from addition of a chlorine atom to procaine, which results in a compound of greater potency and less toxicity than procaine itself. This local anesthetic is hydrolyzed very rapidly by cholinesterase and therefore has a short plasma half-life. Because it is broken down rapidly, chloroprocaine is commonly used in obstetrics. It is believed that the small amount that might get to the fetus continues to be rapidly hydrolyzed, so there may be no residual effects on the neonate. 

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