Chloroplast engineering

More recent biotechnological applications of chloroplast engineering involve the manipulation of plastid DNA sequences in vitro and the... 

From the aforementioned studies, there is little surprise that chloroplast engineering is also considered to he a promising new means by which to produce vaccines, antibodies, and other therapeutic proteins at high levels in plants. A number of examples are described in the following text and in Table 3.3 (Daniell, 2009). 

The case of canola is extraordinary because of the very high level accumulations (50-fold) of leaf-type carotenoids in seeds when the gene was introduced under the seed-specific promoter, napin. The exalbuminous seeds of canola differ from those of genetically engineered rice cereal grains in that they have chloroplasts, which may explain the capacity for hyperaccumulation of carotenoids. 

Ruiz, O. N., Hussein, H. S., Terry, N., and DanieU, H., 2003, Ph)doremediation of organomercurial compounds via chloroplast genetic engineering, Plant Physiol. 132 1344-1352. 

Bogorad, L. (2000). Engineering chloroplasts an alternative site for foreign genes, proteins, reactions and products. Trends Biotechnol. 18 257-263. 

Daniell, H., Khan, M.S., and Allison, L. (2002). Milestones in chloroplast genetic engineering an environmentally friendly era in biotechnology. Trends Plant Sci. 76 84-91. 

Daniell, H., Kumar, S., and Dufourmantel, N. (2005a). Breakthrough in chloroplast genetic engineering of agronomically important crops. Trends Biotechnol. 23(5) 238-245. 

Kumar, S. and Daniell, H. (2004). Engineering the chloroplast genome for hyperexpression of human therapeutic antigens. InRecombinant Gene Expression. Methods Molecular Biology, volume 267. New York Springer. 

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