Chlorogenic acids family

The majority of swallowtail butterflies of the genus Papilio (family Papilionidae) exclusively utilize plants of the family Rutaceae as hosts, with a few species exploiting limited plant species of the families Apiaceae or Lauraceae. The North American black swallowtail butterfly, Papilio polyxenes, a specialist on members of carrot family (Apiaceae), has already been shown to lay eggs in response to a mixture of two chemotactile stimulants, luteolin 7-0-(6"-0-malonyl)-/3-D-glucoside and trawr-chlorogenic acid, identified from one of its major host plants, Daucus carota (wild carrot). Further study revealed that the oviposition response by the butterfly to another host plant, Pastinaca sativa (wild parsnip), was evoked by a combination of tyramine (1), trans-chlorogenic acid, and a neutral fraction from the plant.4... 

Bilberry consists of the dried ripe Ifuit of Vaccinium myrtillus, a dwarf shrub of the Ericaceae family. Dried bilberries contain 1-5% catechins, approximately 30% invert sugar, and small amounts of flavonol glycosides (e.g., astragalin, quercitrin, isoquercitrin, hyperoside), phenolic acids (e.g., caffeic and chlorogenic acids), and anthocyanins, particularly glycosides ofmalvidin, cyanidin, and delphinidin [30]. 

Cinnamic acid can be hydroxylated to /7-coumaric acid. Other meme-bers of the cinnamic acid family can be derived from the latter by simple substitution steps, all of which have been carried out in a cell-free system. Cinnamic acids are found free in plants to only a small extent. Usually they are bound to a sugar either as glycosides or as esters. They may also occur as depsides. These are phenols that bear a carboxyl group linked to each other or to related substances through an ester linkage. Caffeic acid is very often found in the form of chlorogenic acid, a depside formed between caffeic acid and quinic acid. 

Phenolic acids and coumarins Two families of phenolic acids are widely distributed in plants - a range of substituted benzoic (Cg-Ci) acid derivatives and those derived from cinnamic (C -C ) acid. Both types of phenolic acids usually occur in conjugated or esterified form. The simpler types of benzoic acid derivatives include p-hydroxybenzoic, protocatechuic, vannilic, gallic and syringic acids, and the o-hydroxy salicylic and gentisic acids (Fig. 1). The cinnamic acids p-coumaric, caffeic, ferulic, and sinapic, are found in most oilseeds and occur frequently in the form of esters with quinic acid or sugars (Fig. 1). Chlorogenic... 

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