Chloride Hydrometallurgy

E, Peters, in Chloride Hydrometallurgy , Societe Benelux Metallurgie, Brussels, 1977, p. 1. 

Large amounts of cobalt are produced by chloride hydrometallurgy. The large nickel-producing companies, Falcon-bridge in Norway and Sumitomo in Japan, have similar processes for cobalt production [77]. 

A few years ago the sulfiir and acid prices saw a peak of about 200 per ton in many parts of the world. At these prices the economics of the new plants became questionable. The market has however corrected itself Nevertheless, when growth in the developing world is considered along with the requirement for fertilizer for their food security, it is projected that there will be corrections in the coming years for the acid price. Therefore it was of interest to develop an alternate process less dependent on sulfuric acid, the demand of which is expected to increase in the developing economies. This new innovative process is based on Chloride hydrometallurgy, which will be described in the next section. This process is applicable to both high and low iron laterite ores. 

Keywords Lixiviant regeneration, hydroehlorie aeid, ealeium sulfate, reactive crystallization, crystal growth, chloride hydrometallurgy... 

D. Flett., Chloride Hydrometallurgy for Complex Sulphides A review In E. Peek, G. Van Weert eds.. International Conference on the Practice and Theory of Chloride/Metal Interaction, 32nd Annual Hydrometallurgy Meeting, Montreal. (Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum, Montreal, 2002), 255-276. 

Jensen, M.P. Neuefeind, J. Beitz, J.V. Skanthakumar, S. Soderholm, L. (2003). Mechanisms of Metal Ion Transfer into Room-Temperature Ionic Liquids the Role of Anion Exchange. /. Am. Chem. Soc., Vol.125, pp. 15466-15473 Kejun, L. Yen, W.T. Shibayama, A. Miyazaki, T. Fujita T. (2004). Gold Extraction from Thiosulfate Solution Using Trioctylmethylammonium Chloride. Hydrometallurgy, Vol. 73, pp. 41-53... 

E.A. Brocchi, P.K. Jena, F.J. Moura, O. Barbosa-Filho, R.J. de Carvalho, Chloride metallurgy 2002 Practice and theory of chlorine/metal interaction, Annual Hydrometallurgy Meeting, Oct. 19-23,2002,1 (2002) 229. 

The Alcoa (Aluminum Company of America) process involves the electrolysis of aluminum chloride which is carried out in a molten bath of the composition 50% sodium chloride, 45% lithium chloride and 5% aluminum chloride, maintained at 700 °C. The Bayer process, which involves the production of pure alumina by the dissolution of bauxite with caustic soda and which has been described in the chapter on hydrometallurgy, must be taken into account while presenting a complete picture of the aluminum extraction flowsheet. It... 

Puvvada, G. V. K. Murthy, D. S. R. Selective precious metals leaching from a chalcopyrite concentrate using chloride/hypochlorite media. Hydrometallurgy 2000, 58, 185-191. 

Dutrizac, J. E. The leaching of sulfide minerals in chloride media. Hydrometallurgy 1992, 29, I 45. 

Szymanowski, J. Copper hydrometallurgy and extraction from chloride media. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem-Artie. 1996,... 

Sarangi, K. Reddy, B. R. Das, R. P. Extraction studies of cobalt (II) and nickel (II) from chloride solutions using Na-cyanex 272. Separation of Co(II)/Ni(II) by the sodium salts of D2EHPA, PC88A and Cyanex 272 and their mixtures. Hydrometallurgy 1999, 52, 253-265. 

Alam, M. S. Inoue, K. Extraction of rhodium from other platinum group metals with Kelex 100 from chloride media containing tin. Hydrometallurgy 1997, 46, 373-382. 

Inoue, K. Yoshizuka, K. Baba, Y. Wada, F. Matsuda, T. Solvent extraction of palladium(II) and platinum(IV) from aqueous chloride media with n,n-dioctyglycine. Hydrometallurgy 1990, 25, 271-279. 

Gold, chloride, adsorption, magnetite, goethite, alumina, titanium dioxide, hydrometallurgy... 

Perez I. P. and Dutrizac J. E. (1991) The effect of iron content of sphalerite on its rate of dissolution in ferric sulphate and ferric chloride media. Hydrometallurgy 26, 211-232. 

Riveros, P. A. and Dutrizac, J. E. (1997) The precipitation of hematite from ferric chloride media. Hydrometallurgy 46 85-104. 

World nickel metal production in 2002 was 678000 tons [39]. Hydrometallurgy has typically been applied to the treatment of nickel-copper mattes, anode nickel, and reduced laterite ore. The sulfide concentrates are usually oxidized by roasting and then smelted to copper-iron-nickel sulfide matte (75-80% Cu-Ni), which is refined or used directly to make M onel metal. Cathode nickel can be produced from a variety of electrolytes, including chloride, sulfate, or a mixed chloride-sulfate. The former two are acid systems used in leaching and electrowinning. Mixed chloride-sulfate electrolytes are used for electrorefining the nickel sulfide matte from the traditional matte-smelting operations. 

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