2060 Chiron

Besides the MDL Molfile formal, other file formats are often used in chemistry SMILES has already been mentioned in Section 2.3.3. Another one, the PDB file format, is primarily used for storing 3D structure information on biological macromolecules such as proteins and polynucleotides (Tutorial, Section 2.9.7) [52, 53). GIF (Crystallographic Information File) [54, 55] is also a 3D structure information file format with more than three incompatible file versions and is used in crystallography. GIF should not be confused with the Chiron Interchange Formal, which is also extended with. cif. In spectroscopy, JCAMP is apphed as a spectroscopic exchange file format [56]. Here, two modifications can be... 

Early implementations of the CIP rules for computer detection and specification of chirality were described for the LHASA [105], CHIRON [106], and CACTVS [107] software packages. Recently, several commercial molecular editors and visualizers (e.g., CambridgeSoft s ChemOffice, ACD s I-Lab, Accelrys WebLab, and MDL s AutoNom) have also implemented the CIP rules. 

A Syntheses Using Carbohydrates as Chiral Educts ( Chirons )... 

Cetus (Chiron) United States strains, biochemicals, therapeutics... 

Superoxide dismutase has been approved by the FDA for preventing reperfusion injury or damage to donor organ tissue (178). This enzyme is prepared by recombinant DNA technology and marketed by Bristol-Myers and Pharmacia-Chiron. 

S. Hanessian, "Total Synthesis of Natural Products The Chiron Approach" (Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1983). 

For excellent discussions of the use of optically active starting materials in synthesis, see (a) Hanes-sian, S. The Total Synthesis of Natural Products. The Chiron Approach, Pergamon Press New York, 1983 (b) Scott, J.W. In Asymmetric Synthesis, Morrison, J.D. Scott, J. W., Eds., Academic Press San Diego, 1984, Vol. 4, p. 1. 

R)- and (S)-2-I Iydroxy-1.2,2-triphenylcthyl acetate are commercially available from Merck, Darmstadt, Germany and from Newport Pharmaceuticals, Ireland. The (R)-enantiomer is also available from Fluka and Chiron. 

Winthrop) Fugerel (Essex Pharma 1984) 1987) GB Chimax (Chiron) USA Eulexin (Schering)... 

Dropilton (Bruschettini) Liocarpina (SIFI) Pilocarpina Lux (Allergan) Pilogel (Alcon) Pilotonina (Farmila) Salagen (Chiron Italia) generics... 

Ronald N. Zuckermann Bioorganic Chemistry Chiron Corp. 

However, despite their practical and societal value, vaccines remain only a small component of the global pharmaceutical market ( 5 billion out of 350 billion sales in 2000). The vaccine market is dominated by just four large manufacturers GlaxoSmithKline, Aventis Pasteur, Wyeth, and Merck Co. There is, however, a strong resurgence of interest in vaccines, with a growing cluster of small vaccine companies and biotech hrms, led by Chiron. 

Hanessian, S., Pan, J., CarneU, A., Bouchard, H., Lesage, L. (1997) Total Synthesis of (—)-Reserpine Using the Chiron Approach. Journal of Organic Chemistry, 62, 465-473. 

Addition of such a-lithiosulfinyl carbanions to aldehydes could proceed with asymmetric induction at the newly formed carbinol functionality. One study of this process, including variation of solvent, reaction temperature, base used for deprotonation, structure of aldehyde, and various metal salts additives (e.g., MgBrj, AlMej, ZnClj, Cul), has shown only about 20-25% asymmetric induction (equation 22) . Another study, however, has been much more successful Solladie and Moine obtain the highly diastereocontrolled aldol-type condensation as shown in equation 23, in which dias-tereomer 24 is the only observed product, isolated in 75% yield This intermediate is then transformed stereospecifically via a sulfoxide-assisted intramolecular 8, 2 process into formylchromene 25, which is a valuable chiron precursor to enantiomerically pure a-Tocopherol (Vitamin E, 26). 

Chiron et al. used HPLC/ESI-MS in the negative mode for the determination of acidic herbicides in environmental waters. The acidic herbicides investigated were benazolin, bentazone, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 4-chloro-... 

Proleukin Aldesleukin (interleukin 2) Chiron Renal cell carcinoma, metastatic melanoma... 

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