Chemistry, basics ionic bonding

For more than sixty years, the basic approach to the crystal chemistry of ionic structures, particularly those of the solid metal oxides, has placed almost exclusive emphasis on the geometry of the anion array. Consideration of the cations is normally limited to a discussion of their immediate environment, i.e. to bond lengths and coordination poly-hedra. 

The carbon-metal bond in such compounds can range from an almost completely ionic bond to one that is predominantly covalent. Benzyl-sodium, for example, may be dissolved in ether to yield a conducting solution on the other hand, the lithium-carbon bond in the colorless ethyliithium is quite nonpolar. The chemistry of such compounds, be they ionic or covalent, is best understood by considering them as sources of the highly basic carbanions that would be formed by removal of the metal ion thus the chemistry of benzylsodium is the chemistry of the CeH CH ion, whereas the chemistry of ethyliithium is the chemistry of the ethide ion, C2H Such ions will attack acidic hydrogens to form the parent hydrocarbons, will attack the more positive end of a double bond, and can carry out a number of nucleophilic displacements these reactions are discussed in texts on organic chemistry. 

At the end of the chemistry course the students are familiar with the fundamentals of chemical bonding, can differentiate between atomic bonds including polarised atomic bonds, ionic bonds and metallic bonds. They can relate the kind of bond to the property of the substance and are familiar with the structure and phenomenon of substances. They can also workout relationship between the structure and the reaction of organic substances. Chemistry imparts basic knowledge about major industries. Students also acquire knowledge about application of chemical science in other branches of production and spheres of life as well as about the inter-relationship between chemical industry and other industries. In the process they also realise the need of applying chemistry to well being of mankind. 

In 1945 Glenn Seaborg proposed that actinium was the first member of a family of fifteen elements (the actinides ), characterized by the possession of the 5/orbitals. His proposal was based on the similarity of the chemistry of actinium to that of lanthanum (atomic number 57), which is the first member of the fifteen elements of the trivalent lanthanide family. Actinium is somewhat more basic than lanthanum but, like lanthanum, forms compounds that have strongly ionic bonds. Many actinium compounds are... 

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