Chemically-Modified Glassy Carbon

Wang, J. and T. Golden. 1989. Metalloporphyrin chemically modified glassy carbon electrodes as catalytic voltammetric sensors. Anal. Chim. Acta 217 343-351. 

M.S. Lin and B.I. Jan, Determination of hydrogen peroxide by utilizing a cobalt(II)hexacyanoferrate-modified glassy carbon electrode as a chemical sensor. Electroanalysis 9, 340-344 (1997). 

Figure 4.8 Cyclic voltammogram at the HRP/CNTs/l-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium hexafluorophosphate-modified glassy carbon electrode in 0.1 M phosphate buffer solution (pH = 7.00] under nitrogen. The scan rate is 0.1 V/s. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [49]. Copyright 2004 American Chemical Society.

Lei, W., Wu, Q., Si, W., Gu, Z., Zhang, Y, Deng, J and Hao, Q. (2013]. Electrochemical determination of imldacloprid using poly(carbazole]/chemically reduced graphene oxide modified glassy carbon electrode. Sens. Actuators B, 183, pp. 102-109. 

Blacha, A., P. Koscielniak, M. Sitarz, J. Sznber, and J. Zak. Pedot brnshes electro-chemically synthesized on thienyl-modified glassy carbon snrfaces. Electrochim. Acta 62, 2012 441-446. 

Dopamine, a neurotransmitter, was covalently coupled, via an amide bond, to a modified polystyrene having A-(2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl) isonicotinamide units. The dopamine-coupled polymer was coated onto glassy carbon electrodes. In aqueous electrolyte solutions (pH 7), cathodic current caused cleavage of the amide linkage and release of dopamine at potentials more negative than 0.9 V [41]. The chemical scheme for the amide bond cleavage is presented in Figure 18. 

An aluminum electrode modified by a chemically deposited palladium pen-tacyanonitrosylferrate film was reported in [33]. Vitreous carbon electrode modified with cobalt phthalocyanine was used in [34]. Electrocatalytic activity of nanos-tructured polymeric tetraruthenated porphyrin film was studied in [35]. Codeposition of Pt nanoparticles and Fe(III) species on glassy-carbon electrode resulted in significant catalytic activity in nitrite oxidation [36]. It was shown that the pho-tocatalytic oxidation at a Ti02/Ti film electrode can be electrochemically promoted [37]. 

Carbonaceous substrates (graphite and glassy carbon) are generally preferred because of their mechanical, chemical, and electrochemical properties. Excellent results are also obtained by chemically modified platinum (154,156,179) and tin(IV) oxide electrodes (155). For example, glucose oxidase has been successfully immobilized by cross-linking the enzyme with BSA and GA onto an electrochemically oxidized platinum surface, with silanization using 3-amino-propyltriethoxysilane ... 

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