Chemical synthesis, polymers reactivity

The polymer 21 contains a reactive olefinic linkage in its repeating unit, and can be modified chemically in various manners. In particular, it is expected that the polymer can be used as a versatile precursor for the chemical synthesis of polysaccharide... 

In order to solve this chemical stability problem, a new proprietary PFSA ionomer synthesis procedure has been developed at DuPont that results in a reduction of the reactive end groups. This approach has been referred as chemical stabilization (CS) technology. Fluoride emission from chemically stabilized polymer in a Fenton s test was found to be eight times lower than a nonchemically stabilized polymer. 

Oxadiazoles experienced an almost 80-year long period of scientific lethargy before they tickled the curiosity of chemists. The study of chemical and photochemical reactivity of 1,2,4-oxadiazoles opened the way to a series of applications in heterocyclic synthesis. Today, 1,2,4-oxadiazoles are known in medicinal chemistry for their use as bioisosters of esters and amides. Furthermore, fluorinated 1,2,4-oxadiazoles have been applied in materials science either by themselves or for the targeted modification of polymers and macromolecules. Overall, the synthesis of... 

One particular asset of structured self-assemblies is their ability to create nano- to microsized domains, snch as cavities, that could be exploited for chemical synthesis and catalysis. Many kinds of organized self-assemblies have been proved to act as efficient nanoreactors, and several chapters of this book discnss some of them such as small discrete supramolecular vessels (Chapter Reactivity In Nanoscale Vessels, Supramolecular Reactivity), dendrimers (Chapter Supramolecular Dendrlmer Chemistry, Soft Matter), or protein cages and virus capsids (Chapter Viruses as Self-Assembled Templates, Self-Processes). In this chapter, we focus on larger and softer self-assembled structures such as micelles, vesicles, liquid crystals (LCs), or gels, which are made of surfactants, block copolymers, or amphiphilic peptides. In addition, only the systems that present a high kinetic lability (i.e., dynamic) of their aggregated building blocks are considered more static objects such as most of polymersomes and molecularly imprinted polymers are discussed elsewhere (Chapters Assembly of Block Copolymers and Molecularly Imprinted Polymers, Soft Matter, respectively). Finally, for each of these dynamic systems, we describe their functional properties with respect to their potential for the promotion and catalysis of molecular and biomolecu-lar transformations, polymerization, self-replication, metal colloid formation, and mineralization processes. 

An alternative chemical synthesis mefliod to eonventional solution-based CP deposition is the so-called vapour phase polymerization (VPP) teehnique (Mohammadi et al. 1986 Kim et al. 2003 Wintiier-Jensen and West 2004 Winther-Jensen et al. 2005 Fabretto et al. 2008). There is much interest in this method because it provides high eontrol over CP film thickness, uniformity, and density. Typically, the formation of conjugated polymers is carried out directly on the surface of the substrate in a two-step process. First, fire oxidant such as iron tosylate in n-butanol is applied on the substrate using solvent coating processes and then the coated surface is exposed to a reactive CP monomer vapour. PEDOT films have been reported to have with conductivities as high as approximately 3400 S.cm or S cm for a thickness of 60 mn, which is equivalent to commercially available indium tin oxide (ITO) (Fabretto et al. 2012). 

---