Chemical reaction A process in which one or more

Chemical reaction A process in which one or more substances, called reactants, are converted to product(s), 67. See also Reaction, nonmetals, 575q, 555-558 Chernobyl nuclear accident, 525-526 Chiral center Carbon atom bonded to four different groups, 600 Chiral drugs, 601 Chloride ores, 535-536 Chlorinated water, 556 Chlorine... 

Chemical reaction a process in which one or more substances are changed into one or more new substances by the reorganization of component atoms. 

The word chemical is used to describe processes that result in a change in identity. The combination of hydrogen and oxygen to form water is a chemical change or chemical reaction—a process in which one or more substances (the reactants, which can be elements or compounds, or both) are converted to one or more different substances (the products, which can also be elements or compounds, or both). 

Chemical Reactions and Chemical Equations—Chemical reactions are processes in which one or more starting substances, the reactants, form one or more new substances, the products. A chemical reaction can be represented symbolically in a chemical equation, with formulas of reactants on the left and formulas of products on the right reactants and products are separated by an arrow. The equation must be balanced. A balanced equation reflects the true quantitative relationships between reactants and products. An equation is balanced by placing stoichiometric coefficients before formulas to signify that the total number of each kind of atom is the same on each side of the equation. The physical states of reactants and products can be indicated by symbols, such as (s), (1), (g), and (aq), signifying solid, liquid, gas, and aqueous solution, respectively. 

Having discussed the masses of atoms and molecules, we turn next to what happens to atoms and molecules in a chemical reaction, a process in which a substance (or substances) is changed into one or more new substances. In order to communicate with one another about chemical reactions, chemists have devised a standard way to represent them using chemical equations. A chemical equation uses chemical symbols to show what happens during a chemical reaction. In this section we will learn how to write chemical equations and balance them. 

Chemical reaction. A process in which a substance (or substances) is changed into one or more new substances. (3.7) Chemistry. The study of matter and the changes it undergoes. (1.1)... 

The growth of a child, the production of polymers from petroleum, and the digestion of food are all the outcome of chemical reactions, processes by which one or more substances are converted into other substances. This type of process is a chemical change. The starting materials are called the reactants and the substances formed are called the products. The chemicals available in a laboratory are called reagents. In this section, we see how to use the symbolic language of chemistry to describe chemical reactions. 

Many of the simplest chemical reactions involve only an interchange of atoms or ions between reactants, or perhaps only the dissociation of one reactant into two parts. In such reactions, there is no change in the electrical charge of any of the atoms involved. This chapter deals with another type of reaction, in which one or more electrons are transferred between atoms, with the result that some of the atoms involved do have their electrical charges changed. These reactions are known as electron-transfer reactions. You can appreciate their importance when you realize that every battery used in electronic devices and machines, every impulse involved in nerve transmission, every metabolic reaction that produces energy in biological systems, photosynthesis, and combustion processes (to mention but a few examples) requires electron-transfer reactions. 

A chemical reaction is the process by which one or more substances change into one or more new substances whose chemical and physical properties differ from those of the original substances. In any chemical reaction, the original substances, which can be elements or compounds, are known as reactants. The substances created are called products. A common example of a chemical reaction is shown in Figure 1. 

Many separations which would be difficult to achieve by conventional distillation processes may be effected by a distillation process in which a solvent is introduced which reacts chemically with one or more of the components to be separated. Three methods are presented for solving problems of this type. In Sec. 8-1, the 0 method of convergence is applied to conventional and complex distillation columns. In Sec. 8-2, the 2N Newton-Raphson method is applied to absorbers and distillation columns in which one or more chemical reactions occur per stage. The first two methods are recommended for mixtures which do not deviate too widely from ideal solutions. For mixtures which form highly nonideal solutions and one or more chemical reactions occur per stage, a formulation of the Almost Band Algorithm such as the one presented in Sec. 8-3 is recommended. 

Analogously to batch distillation and the RCM, the simplest means of reactive distillation occurs in a still where reaction and phase separation simultaneously take place in the same unit. Additionally, we can choose to add a mixing stream to this still, and the overall process thus consists of three different phenomena chemical reaction, vapor liquid equilibrium, and mixing. Such a system is referred to as a simple reactive distillation setup. This setup is shown in Figure 8.1 where a stream of flowrate F and composition Xp enters a continuously stirred tank reactor (CSTR) in which one or more chemical reaction(s) take place in the liquid phase with a certain reaction rate r =f(kf, x, v) where v represents the stoichiometric coefficients of the reaction. Reactants generally have negative stoichiometric coefficients, while products have positive coefficients. For example, the reaction 2A + B 3C can... 

A chemical reaction is the process by which one or more substances are changed into one or more different substances. In any chemical reacticn, the criginal substances are known as the reactants and the resulting substances are kncwn as the products. According to the law of conservation of mass, the total mass of reactants must equal the total mass of products for any given chemical reaction. 

If lines are drawn on the surface which pass from reactant to product valleys (or between stable reactant and product configurations) then for each chemical process there are one or more points which represent maxima on minimum activation energy paths. These maxima are transition states for the reaction. However, as we shall see, it is more difficult (at least in many dimensions) to establish that a point represents a transition state than that it represents the configuration of a stable species. 

Oxidation is a process in which an atom or a group of atoms taking part in a chemical reaction loses one or more electrons, e.g.,... 

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