Chemical potential basic characteristics

This model is based on quasimolecular dynamics, in which the medium is assumed to be composed of an assembly of meso-scale discrete particles (i.e., finite elements). Tlie movement and deformation of the material system and its evolution are described by the aggregate movements of these elements. Two types of basic characteristics, geometrical and physical, are considered. In tlie geometrical aspect, sliapes and sizes of elements and tlie manner of their initial aggregation and arrangement are the important factors. In the physical aspect, mechanical, physical, and chemical characteristics, such as the interaction potential, phase transition, and chemical reactivity may be tlie important ones. To construct this model, many physical factors, including interaction potential, friction of particles, shear resistance force, energy dissipation and temperature increase, stress and strain at the meso- and macro-levels, phase transition, and chemical reaction are considered. In fact, simulation of chemical reactions is one of the most difficult tasks, but it is the most important aspect in shock-wave chemistiy. 

Basic Idea The quantities used for describing deviations from what is considered ideal behavior of gases and dissolved substances are another characteristic feature of the traditional formalism. We prefer to take the discrepancies into accotmt by additional terms in the chemical potential because these quantities can be seamlessly inserted into the thermodynamic apparatus. By contrast, in the traditional... 

Potential explosion phenomena include vapor cloud explosions (VCEs), confined explosions, condensed-phase explosions, exothermic chemical reactions, boiling liquid expanding vapor explosions (BLEVEs), and pressure-volume (PV) ruptures. Potential fire phenomena include flash fires, pool fires, jet fires, and fireballs. Guidelines for evaluating the characteristics of VCEs, BLEVEs, and flash fires are provided in another CCPS publication (Ref. 5). The basic principles from Reference 5 for evaluating characteristics of these phenomena are briefly summarized in this appendix. In addition, the basic principles for evaluating characteristics of the other explosion and fire phenomena listed above are briefly summarized, and references for detailed evaluation of characteristics are provided. 

Axially chiral phosphoric acid 3 was chosen as a potential catalyst due to its unique characteristics (Fig. 2). (1) The phosphorus atom and its optically active ligand form a seven-membered ring which prevents free rotation around the P-0 bond and therefore fixes the conformation of Brpnsted acid 3. This structural feature cannot be found in analogous carboxylic or sulfonic acids. (2) Phosphate 3 with the appropriate acid ity should activate potential substrates via protonation and hence increase their electrophilicity. Subsequent attack of a nucleophile and related processes could result in the formation of enantioenriched products via steren-chemical communication between the cationic protonated substrate and the chiral phosphate anion. (3) Since the phosphoryl oxygen atom of Brpnsted acid 3 provides an additional Lewis basic site, chiral BINOL phosphate 3 might act as bifunctional catalyst. 

Biochemical reactions are basically the same as other chemical organic reactions with their thermodynamic and mechanistic characteristics, but they have the enzyme stage. Laws of thermodynamics, standard energy status and standard free energy change, reduction-oxidation (redox) and electrochemical potential equations are applicable to these reactions. Enzymes catalyse reactions and induce them to be much faster . Enzymes are classified by international... 

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