CHARM farm test

Charm farm test Heating at 100 C B. ste rothermophilus 3.8 h at 67 C into Bromocresol Penicillinase or 34 o ... 

The CHARM inhibition assay (CIA), Charm farm test (CFT), and Valio TlOl test are all simple multiresidue screening tests based on microbial inhibition (34, 35). The CIA test is actually a disc assay using Bacillus stearothermophilus and specially formulated agar media to increase the sensitivity to sulfonamides. The CFT is a tube assay using the same test organism in a specific formulation, which, along with the nutrients, is in a tablet form. To roughly identify penicillins and sulfonamides with the CIA and CFT tests, positive samples should be reanalyzed after the addition of penicillinase and p-aminobenzoic acid. 

Apart from those methods, a variety of test assays primarily derived from modifications of tire existing fast milk testing procedures have been also developed and widely used for testing animal tissues, eggs, and honey for antibacterial residues. Sound examples are the CHARM II test and the CHARM farm test (CFT), which have been successfully used since 1987 in many animal-derived products and mattices such as swine and cattle tissues, eggs, and honey. 

Antibacterial German three-plate test EEC four-plate test CHARM II test New Dutch kidney test STOP CAST FAST CHARM farm test ATP test... 

To our knowledge only one work has been reported on the use of a commercial immunochemical test to detect penicillins (penicillin G, penicillin V, ampicillin, cloxacillin, and oxacillin) in several environmental compartments. Thus, Campagnolo et al. [84] measured penicillin using the Charm IIRIA test in water samples proximal to a US farm. The LOD of the technique was 2 pg L L... 

As occurred with the other antibiotics, commercial immunoassay formats, also available as kits for tetracyclines and penicillins such as the Parallux, the LacTek, or the Charm II, have also been placed on the market for the analysis of sulfonamides (see Table 4). Thus, the Parallux detects sulfamethazine and sulfadimethoxine in raw milk with a LOD of 10 pg L1. The Charm II detects almost all sulfonamides in honey and milk with a LOD in the range from 1 to 10 pg L, whereas LacTek is able to detect sulfamethazine. Moreover, the 5101SULlp and 5101SUDAlp tests reach LOD values for sulfamethazine and sulfadiazine of around 0.2 pg L 1 and they have been applied to the analysis of urine, milk, and plasma. These tests have proved to be efficient as a point of care for on-site applications on farms. Moreover, commercially available antibodies can be found from several sources such as Silver Lake Research, US Biological, Cortex Biochem. Inc., Accurate Chemical Scientific, Fitzgerald Industries International Inc., and Biotrend Chemikalien GmbH. 

We have found only one attempt to use immunoassays to detect sulfonamides in environmental samples. As in the case of penicillins and tetracyclines and also for fluoroquinolones (see below), Campagnolo et al. [84] measured sulfonamides in water samples proximal to a farm in Iowa using a commercial Charm II RIA test, accomplishing a LOD of 5 pg L 1 for sulfamethazine. 

On the farm, a test kit may be used. The test organism is inoculated in tablet form into liquid medium in a test tube with a sample of the milk. An indicator in the buffer changes color if the bacteria are able to grow (i.e., no antibiotic is present). The Charm analyzer can be used for several different tests (Figure 2). 

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