Charged particles with molecular medium

INTERACTION OF CHARGED PARTICLES WITH MOLECULAR MEDIUM AND TRACK EFFECTS IN RADIATION CHEMISTRY... 

Interaction of Charged Particles with Molecular Medium... 

However, analyses of the interface surrounded by some medium are not easy. When an interface of interest is exposed to a vacuum, electron-based or ion-based methods are available to determine the chemical composition and molecular structure of the top layers. The charged particles with limited penetration range result in a good vertical resolution. Buried interfaces are beyond the range of penetration. Photons, an alternative class of probe particles, have better ability for penetration. When the linear response to the incident electric field is analyzed, the vertical resolution is limited to the order of the wavelength, which is greater than the thickness of the top layers. 

IV. Cross Sections of Interaction of Fast Charged Particles with a Molecular Medium... 

IV. CROSS SECTIONS OF INTERACTION OF FAST CHARGED PARTICLES WITH A MOLECULAR MEDIUM... 

The interactions with a medium of charged particulate radiations such as protons, (p-particles, and y-rays consist predominately of electrostatic coulomb excitation and ionization caused by ejection of atomic and molecular electrons in the medium. According to Bethe s semiclassic treatment, the energy lost to the medium, per unit length of path, by a heavy particle of charge Ze and velocity v is ... 

The Sun and the solar system is located at a distance of about 30 000 Ly from the center of the galaxy. The density of the interstellar medium in the solar neighborhood is about 0.25 particles per cm. Approximately 99% of the interstellar medium is composed of interstellar gas, and of its mass, about 75% is in the form of hydrogen (either molecular or atomic), with the remaining 25% as helium. The interstellar gas consists partly of neutral atoms and molecules, as well as charged particles, such as ions and electrons. 

One prominent example of rods with a soft interaction is Gay-Berne particles. Recently, elastic properties were calculated [89,90]. Using the classical Car-Parrinello scheme, the interactions between charged rods have been considered [91]. Concerning phase transitions, the sohd-fluid equihbria for hard dumbbells that interact additionally with a quadrupolar force was considered [92], as was the nematic-isotropic transition in a fluid of dipolar hard spherocylinders [93]. The influence of an additional attraction on the phase behavior of hard spherocylinders was considered by Bolhuis et al. [94]. The gelation transition typical for clays was found in a system of infinitely thin disks carrying point quadrupoles [95,96]. In confined hquid-crystalline films tilted molecular layers form near each wall [97]. Chakrabarti has found simulation evidence of critical behavior of the isotropic-nematic phase transition in a porous medium [98]. 

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