Convective charge transport

Edwards, DA, Charge Transport Through a Spatially Periodic Porous Medium Electrokinetic and Convective Dispersion Phenomena, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London A 353, 205, 1995. 

The interpretation of the output signal as being purely resistive is complicated by the effect of charge transport through bulk convection of particles and by a transient capacitance effect due to the variation in the... 

In this model, the current due to convective motion of the melt has been neglected, because the magnetic Reynolds number for this system is of the order of 10, which means that the charge transported by convection is much smaller than the diffusive current. The electric field intensity, E, can be used to calculate the local heat release rate in the slag or bullion by Joule heating according to the equation ... 

Considering current flow owing to potential gradient only and neglecting the diffusion and convection terms, the charge transport equations are given as follows ... 

Ion transport induced by convective transport effects increases the fuel utilization up to 58% and enables control of fuel and oxidant flow rate independently. Experimental results indicated that by increasing the fuel flow rates, fuel utilization is decreased from 58% at lOOplmin to 4% at 5mlmin . Increasing the concentration of sulfuric acid as supporting electrolyte increases the maximum power density from —1.5 to —3mWcm due to decreasing charge transport losses. 

The transport of particles in the plasma is diffusive or convective for the neutrals, whereas the charge carriers move under the influence of the external and internal electric and magnetic fields. The drift velocityv of the charged particles is proportional to the electric field E ... 

Transport of a species in solution to and from an electrode/solution interface may occur by migration, diffusion and convection although in any specific system they will not necessarily be of equal importance. However, at the steady state all steps involved in the electrode reaction must proceed at the same rate, irrespective of whether the rate is controlled by a slow step in the charge transfer process or by the rate of transport to or from the electrode surface. It follows that the rate of transport must equal the rate of charge transfer ... 

Both share more or less the same merits but also the same disadvantages. The beneficial properties are high OCV (2.12 and 1.85 V respectively) flexibility in design (because the active chemicals are mainly stored in tanks outside the (usually bipolar) cell stack) no problems with zinc deposition in the charging cycle because it works under nearly ideal conditions (perfect mass transport by electrolyte convection, carbon substrates [52]) self-discharge by chemical attack of the acid on the deposited zinc may be ignored because the stack runs dry in the standby mode and use of relatively cheap construction materials (polymers) and reactants. 

A combination of continuum transport theory and the Poisson distribution of solution charges has been popular in interpreting transport of ions or conductivity of electrolytes. Assuming zero gradient in pressure and concentration of other species, the flux of an ion depends on the concentration gradient, the electrical potential gradient, and a convection... 

Many of the electrochemical techniques described in this book fulfill all of these criteria. By using an external potential to drive a charge transfer process (electron or ion transfer), mass transport (typically by diffusion) is well-defined and calculable, and the current provides a direct measurement of the interfacial reaction rate [8]. However, there is a whole class of spontaneous reactions, which do not involve net interfacial charge transfer, where these criteria are more difficult to implement. For this type of process, hydro-dynamic techniques become important, where mass transport is controlled by convection as well as diffusion. 

Processes involving transport of a substance and charge in a streaming electrolyte are very important in electrochemistry, particularly in the study of the kinetics of electrode processes and in technology. If no concentration gradient is formed, transport is controlled by migration alone convection... 

This expression applies to the transport of any conserved quantity Q, e.g., mass, energy, momentum, or charge. The rate of transport of Q per unit area normal to the direction of transport is called the flux of Q. This transport equation can be applied on a microscopic or molecular scale to a stationary medium or a fluid in laminar flow, in which the mechanism for the transport of Q is the intermolecular forces of attraction between molecules or groups of molecules. It also applies to fluids in turbulent flow, on a turbulent convective scale, in which the mechanism for transport is the result of the motion of turbulent eddies in the fluid that move in three directions and carry Q with them. 

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