Charge effect, primary

Ten years later Napper and Alexander, in studying the kinetics of vinyl acetate polymerization in the presence of anionic, cationic and nonionic emulsifiers arrived at the same conclusions as Priest s, although they did not cite his work (13). They also observed an acceleratory effect of added emulsifier like that found by Baxendale et al. (8), but they seemed unaware of that work as well. They showed that when the charge on primary particles (due to initiator fragments) was opposite to that of the emulsifier, the rate of polymerization was slower than that in the absence of emulsifier. This was presumably due to the greater instability of the colloid formed and the consequent production of fewer polymerizing centers. 

From Fig. (15) we conclude that the transit time for the slowly moving positive ions across the amplification gap of 1,5 mm width, is 5 psec. This figure is given by the length of the plateau. This means that 5 psec after the detection of a photon, the gap is cleared of any positive ions, so that no distortion of the electric field is possible anymore. It is known that the dimensions of clusters of primary electrons in argon, due to the absorption of a 8 keV X-ray is less than 0,5 mm in diameter As an estimate we can conclude that the count rate of this type of detector is at least 10 sec - mm before any degradation in amplitude by space charge effect... 

The pairwise Brownian dynamics method has several advantages over numerical methods based on Smoluchowski s [9] approach (e.g., finite element method), and we discuss these here. The primary advantage of the method is the ease of mathematical formulation even for cases involving complex reaction site geometries, hydrodynamic interactions, charge effects, anisotropic diffusion and flow fields. Furthermore the method obviates the need to solve complex diffusion equations to obtain the concentration field from which the rate constant is calculated in the Smoluchowski method. In contrast, the rate constant is obtained directly in the pairwise Brownian dynamics method. The effective rate constants for different reaction conditions may be obtained from a single simulation this is not possible using the finite element method. 

However, while the sputtering technique is not very commonly used to study interlace effects in ionically conducting multilayer heterostructures, there are mmierous examples of thin film deposition. Actually, sputtering was the primary technique used for thin film deposition in the SOFC field, such as for Zr02 [84] and Ce02-based films [85]. The conducting properties were interpreted in terms of substrate-induced space charge effects, strain, or microstructure. 

---