Charge coupled device spectrometer

Wang Y, Mccreery RL. Evaluation of a diode-laser charge coupled device spectrometer for near-infrared Raman spectroscopy. Analytical Chemistry 1989, 61, 2647-2651. 

The analytical capabilities of LIBS and LA-MIP-OES were recently noticeably improved by use of an advanced detection scheme based on an Echelle spectrometer combined with a high-sensitivity ICCD (intensified charge-coupled device) detector. 

Using the same PAbs an optical biosensor system has been developed for 2,4,6-TCP [224]. The principle is the detection of laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) in single microdroplets by a homogeneous quenching fluorescence immunoassay (QFIA). The competitive immunoassay occurs in microdroplets (d=58.4 mm) produced by a piezoelectric generator system. A continuous Ar ion laser (488 nm) excites the fluorescent tracer and its fluorescence is detected by a spectrometer attached to a cooled, charge-coupled device (CCD) camera... 

An improvement to this technique will be to use a continuous blue/UV light source and replacing the PMT by a compact spectrometer coupled to a CCD (charge-coupled device) for readout, thus accelerating the data acquisition. In the latter case, the scanning and evaluation takes a few milliseconds. 

Charge injection device (CID) and charge-coupled device (CCD) detectors can be used to monitor large portions of the spectrum in multiple orders by taking an electronic photograph. They are analogous to photographic plates which were used in the earliest spectrometers. A typical... 

U. Heitmann, M. Schutz, H. Becker-Ross and S. Florek, Measurements on the Zeeman-splitting of analytical lines by means of a continuum source graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometer with a linear charge coupled device array, Spectrochim. Acta Part B, 51, 1996, 1095-1105. 

The Chandra Advanced CCD Imaging Spectrometer (ACIS) is an array of charged coupled devices (CCD s). This instrument is especially useful because it can simultaneously make X-ray images, and at the same time, accurately measure the energy of each incoming X-ray. It is the instrument of choice for studying temperature and abundance variations across extended X-ray sources. 

Figure 3.40 shows the layout of a typical Raman analyzer that uses fiber optics for process application. In a Raman process system, light is filtered and delivered to the sample via excitation fiber. Raman-scattered light is collected by collection fibers in the fiber-optic probe, filtered, and sent to the spectrometer via return fiber-optical cables. A charge-coupled device (CCD) camera detects the signal and provides the Raman spectrum. To take advantage of low-noise CCD cameras and to minimize fluorescence interference, NIR diode lasers are used in process instruments. 

The classical silicon photodiode linear array manufactured by Reticon was the first detector marketed successfully. Similar solid state linear array detectors based on charge coupled devices, or charge.injection devices may also be of interest. Typical of the families of detectors, the Reticon detectors are built in a number of elements/array sizes. Commercially available units have anywhere from 128 to 1024 elements/array. Each individual element in the array is 1 x 1 mil to 1 x 100 mil in area, and are spaced on approximately 1 mil centers. The spectrometer system discussed in this article was built using Reticon-type devices. 

Blasco F, Stenz C, Salin F, Faenov AYa, Magunov AI, Pikutz TA, Skobelev IYu (2001) Portable, tunable, high-luminosity spherical crystal spectrometer with an X-ray charge coupled device, for high-resolution X-ray spectroscopy of clusters heated by femtosecond laser pulses. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 72 1956-1962... 

Single, double, triple refer to dispersive spectrometer type, PMT (photomultiplier tube), and CCD (charge-coupled device) refer to the detector. 

Major technological and scientific innovation in the past 10 to 15 years has significantly broadened the applicability of Raman spectroscopy, particularly in chemical analysis. Fourier transform (FT)-Raman, charge-coupled device (CCD) detectors, compact spectrographs, effective laser rejection filters, near-infrared lasers, and small computers have contributed to a revolution in Raman instrumentation and made routine analytical applications possible. An increase in instrumental sensitivity by factors as large as 10, plus decreases in both interferences and noise resulted from this revolution. The number of vendors of Raman spectrometers increased from 3 to 12 over a 10-year period, and integrated commercial spectrometers led to turnkey operation and robust reliability. 

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