Characterization and use

Gage FH, Ray J, Fisher LJ (1995) Isolation, characterization, and use of stem cells from the CNS. Annu Rev Neurosci 18 159-192... 

Hodes G, Manassen J, Neagu S,Cahen D, Mirovski Y (1982) Electroplated cadmium chalco-genide layers Characterization and use in photoelectrochemical solar ceUs. Thin Sohd FUms... 

Carbonaceous Surfaces Modification, Characterization, and Uses for Electrocatalysis... 

Lloyd JR, J Ridley, T Khizniak, NN Lyalikova, LE Macaskie (1999) Reduction of technetium by Desulfo-vibrio desulfuricans biocatalyst characterization and use in a flowthrough bioreactor. Appl Environ Microbiol 65 2691-2696. 

J. B. Nagy, P. Bodart, I. Hannus, I. Kiricsi, Synthesis, Characterization and Use ofZeolitic Microporous Materials, Z. Konya, V. Tubak (eds.), DecaGen Ltd, Szeged, Hungary, 1998. 

Many studies, particularly in the life sciences area, are not reproducible because small quantities of unique materials were used in the research. A commitment was made when the present program began to characterize fully the elastomers utilized in the development of accelerated fatigue tests. At the start of the program, a limited number of candidate materials was selected to be obtained in quantity, characterized, and used for all of the developmental testing. 

Pow, D.V., and Crook, D.K. (1993) Extremely high titre polyclonal antisera against small neurotransmitter molecules Rapid production, characterization and use in light- and electron-microscopic immuno-cytochcmistry. J. Neurosci. Meth. 48, 51-63. 

Wessendorf, M.W. (1990) Characterization and use of multi-color fluorescence microscopic techniques. In Handbook of Chemical Neuroanatomy (A. Bjorklund, and T. Hokfelt eds.), Vol. 8, Chapter 1. Elsevier Press, Amsterdam. 

As the analytical, synthetic, and physical characterization techniques of the chemical sciences have advanced, the scale of material control moves to smaller sizes. Nanoscience is the examination of objects—particles, liquid droplets, crystals, fibers—with sizes that are larger than molecules but smaller than structures commonly prepared by photolithographic microfabrication. The definition of nanomaterials is neither sharp nor easy, nor need it be. Single molecules can be considered components of nanosystems (and are considered as such in fields such as molecular electronics and molecular motors). So can objects that have dimensions of >100 nm, even though such objects can be fabricated—albeit with substantial technical difficulty—by photolithography. We will define (somewhat arbitrarily) nanoscience as the study of the preparation, characterization, and use of substances having dimensions in the range of 1 to 100 nm. Many types of chemical systems, such as self-assembled monolayers (with only one dimension small) or carbon nanotubes (buckytubes) (with two dimensions small), are considered nanosystems. 

Metal dithiophosphinates focused recent interest due to their potential use as single source precursors for low-pressure, metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (LP-MOCVD) of metal sulfides. Thus, zinc and cadmium dithiophosphinates and their phenanthroline and bipyridine adducts were characterized and used for deposition of ZnS and CdS.85,86... 

ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials, a voluntary group in which members devise consensus standards for materials characterization and use. 

S. Lamansky, P. Djurovich, D. Murphy, F. Abdel-Razzaq, H.-E. Lee, C. Adachi, P.E. Burrows, S.R. Forrest, and M.E. Thompson, Highly phosphorescent te-cyclometalated iridium complexes synthesis, photophysical characterization, and use in organic light emitting diodes, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 123 4304—4312 (2001). 

Reetz, M.T., Quaiser, S.A., and Merk, C., Electrochemical preparation of nanostructured titanium clusters characterization and use in Mcmurry-type coupling reactions, Chem. Ben, 129, 741, 1996. 

Gabor, E.M., de Vries, E.J. and Janssen, D.B., Construction, characterization, and use of smaU-insert gene banks of DNA isolated from soil and enrichment cultures for the recovery of novel amidases. Environmental Microbiol., 2004, 6, 948-958. 

Syka, J. E. P. Marto, J. A. Bai, D. L. Homing, S. Senko, M. W Schwartz, J. C. Ueberheide, B. Garcia, B. Busby, S. Muratore, T Shabanowitz, J. Hunt, D. F. Novel linear quadmpole ion trap/FT mass spectrometer performance characterization and use in the comparative analysis of histone H3 post-translational modifications. 

The unambiguous determination of enantiomeric purity1-8 and absolute configuration (see Section A.4.) is an important analytical task in the synthesis, characterization and use of nonracemic chiral compounds. Due to the continued interest in this field, new procedures and improvements to the existing methods are frequently appearing in the literature. Recent papers relevant to this section are found in references 205 207, while references 208-220 contain important review and research articles. 

Because of the presence of a lone pair and a vacant orbital, singlet carbenes are supposed to be able to react with both Lewis bases and acids. Transient electrophilic carbenes are known to react with Lewis bases to give normal ylides (Scheme 8.19). For example, carbene-pyridine adducts have been spectroscopically characterized and used as a proof for the formation of carbenes,and the reaction of transient dihalogenocarbenes with phosphines is even a preparative method for C-dihalogeno phosphorus ylides. Little is known about the reactivity of transient carbenes with Lewis acids. 

Mesoporous synthetic clays synthesis, characterization, and use as HDS catalyst supports... 

Signorini N, Molko D, Cadet J (1998) Polyclonal antibodies to adenine N -oxide characterization and use for the measurement of DNA damage. Chem Res Toxicol 11 1169-1175 Simic M, Hayon E (1971) Radical reactions of N-ethyl maleimide in radiation sensitization. Int J Radiat Biol 20 589-592... 

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