Channeling, scanning electron microscopy

Pore dimensions may have a more subtle effect on decay rate depending on component dimensions and production method of the manufactured material. Products made from pasted starch, LDPE, and EAA (2) typically appeared as laminates of starch and plastic when examined by scanning electron microscopy (Figure 1). The dimensions of inter-laminate channels (i.e., pores) were not uniform and ranged from about 50 to 325 m in cross-section (22). Since flux is dependent on diffusional path area, the smaller pores can be an impediment to movement of solutes from the interior to the surface of the films. Figure 5 illustrates two films in which the laminate units are the same thickness, but differ in length. When the starch is removed... 

Fig. 12.7. Assessment of channel length of SAP-defined source-drain electrodes (A) top-view environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) image of channel region (B) Scanning Kelvin probe microscopy of...

Fig. 3 (a-c) Diatom Pseudo-nitzschia delicatissima inhabiting the surface of the Phaeocystis globosa colonies from the Eastern English Channel (a light microscopy, b epiflu-orescence microscopy, c scanning electron microscopy)... 

Spence, J. C. H., Tafto, J. (1982). Atomic site and species determination using the channelling effect in electron diffraction. In Scanning Electron Microscopy 1982, II, pp. 523-31. Chicago SEM Inc., AMF O Hare. 

The determination of the channel dimensions was carried out using scanning electron microscopy. The hydraulic diameter was calculated with the total flow area and wet perimeter measured from electron microscope images in order to take into account the effect of the first and last channels which are rounded. Roughness measurements were also carried-out. 

The synthesis of mesoporous materials has been investigated at various conditions. The nature, the pore size, the wall thickness, the channel array and the morphology of the obtained materials have been characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, BET and Scanning Electron Microscopy. The present work shows that in the studied conditions, the pore diameter remains relatively constant while the thickness of the walls increases significantly with increasing time and temperature, signifying that the condensation of the source of silicium around the micelles is enhanced From the characterization results, a synthesis mechanism is postulated. 

Fig. 23. Visualization of membrane fouling by scanning electron microscopy (A) inorganic fouling dne to calcinm carbonate, calcium sulfate, silica, iron, barium and strontium sulfate (35,000x) (B) organic fonling dne to humic acid (35,000x) (C) flow channels in membrane fouled with biological growth.

The surface morphology, thickness and quality of the deposited carbon films are analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), by energy dispersive x-ray (EDx) and by Raman spectroscopy (RS). The Raman spectrum was recorded using an argon ion laser Raman microprobe. The exciting laser wavelength is 632.81 nm with a laser power equal to 1.75 mW. The instrument was operated in the multi-channel mode with the beam focused to a spot diameter of approximately 2 pm. 

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