Changes in gene expression

Once the TLRs have bound their respective ligand they initiate a signalling cascade to alert the host to the presence of a threat. This signal begins with specific adapter proteins and leads to the activation of transcription factors such as NFkB, ERF-3 and IRF-7 as shown in Fig. 1. These activated transcription factors cause changes in gene expression typically leading to the production of cytokines. 

Beere, H.M., Morimoto, R.I., Hickman, J.A. (1993). Investigations of mechanisms of drug-induced changes in gene expression N methylformamide-induced changes in synthesis of the M(r) 72,000 constitutive heat shock protein during commitment of HL-60 cells to granulocyte differentiation. Cancer Res. 53, 3034—3039. 

Long-chain fatty acid synthesis is controlled in the short term by allosteric and covalent modification of euTymes and in the long term by changes in gene expression governing rates of synthesis of enzymes. 

SWNTs Not specified HEK Changes in gene expression in SWNTs-treated cells become closer to control cells over time [47]... 

It is well accepted that MDMA produces 5-HT depletions in rat CNS, but much less attention has been devoted to the effects of MDMA on established markers of neurotoxicity such as cell death, silver-positive staining, and reactive gliosis. Support for the hypothesis of MDMA-induced axotomy relies heavily on immunohistochemical analysis of 5-HT levels, which could produce misleading results if not validated by other methods. For example, MDMA-induced loss of 5-HT could be due to persistent adaptive changes in gene expression or protein function, reflecting a state of metabolic quiescence rather than neurotoxic damage. Table 7.3 summarizes the effects of MDMA on hallmark measures of neurotoxicity. 

Fruh FW, Zanger UM, Meyer UA. Extent and character of phenobarbital-mediated changes in gene expression in liver. Mol Pharmacol 1997 51 363-369. 

Date M et al. Differential expression of transforming growth factor-/ and its receptors in hepatocytes and nonparenchy-mal cells of rat liver after CC14 administration. J Hepatol 1998 28 572-581. Frueh FW et al. Extent and character of Phenobarbital-mediated changes in gene expression in the liver. Mol Pharmacol 1997 51 363-369. 

SMALL GTP-BINDING PROTEINS (GTPases) MEDIATE CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION UPON NMDA RECEPTOR ACTIVATION 285... 

A number of medications used in the treatment of anxiety have effects on serotonin neurotransmission (Ch. 13). These medications include tricyclic antidepressant medications, SSRIs, and monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs). However, because these medications take weeks to exert their full anxiolytic effects, it is unlikely that blocking the reuptake (and thus increasing synaptic levels) of either serotonin or norepinephrine selectively is responsible for their anxiolytic properties — rather it is suspected that the therapeutic effects are due to changes in gene expression, protein levels, and eventually changes in synaptic connections between neurons. 

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