Chang studies characterization

Goadsby, P.J. and Edvinsson, L. The trigeminovascular system and migraine Studies characterizing cerebrovascular and neuropeptide change seen in human and cats, Ann. Neurol. 1993, 33, 48-56. 

Most studies of respiratory diseases reported for uranium involve noncancerous alveolar epithelium damage in type II cells. These changes are characterized by interstitial inflammahon of the alveolar epithelium leading eventually to emphysema or pulmonary fibrosis in acute exposures or to hyperplasia, hypertrophy, and transdifferentiation (metaplasia) in chronic exposures (Cooper et al. 1982 Dungworth 1989 Stokinger 1981 Wedeen 1992). However, the lack of significant pulmonary injury in most inhalation animal studies indicates that other potentially toxic contaminants such as inhalable dust particles, radium, or radon may contribute to these effects. 

The portrait of the typical organic food consumer has changed over time, reflecting the dynamic nature of the organic industry. Recently (in 2002), most studies characterized organic consumers as Caucasian, affluent, well-educated, and concerned about health and product quality (Lohr, 2001 Richter et ai, 2000 ITC, 1999 Thompson,... 

EEG studies done on male and female volunteers resulted in changes in the EEG of three of four male subjects and four of five female subjects during exposure to 100 ppm (Stewart et al. 1981). In the majority of subjects, the EEG changes were characterized by a reduction in overall wave amplitude and frequency, most strikingly evident in the occipital leads. This altered pattern is similar to that seen in a healthy adult... 

Mention should be made of infrared spectroscopic studies performed to determine the strength of hydrogen-bonded solvation these studies characterized the strength of the interaction by means of the shift in the X—H vibration (where X may be oxygen, nitrogen or fluorine) and by the changes in width and intensity of the band [Bu 59, Bu 61, Ha 72, Hy 62, Lu 58, Sc 59]. 

Of course, condensed phases also exliibit interesting physical properties such as electronic, magnetic, and mechanical phenomena that are not observed in the gas or liquid phase. Conductivity issues are generally not studied in isolated molecular species, but are actively examined in solids. Recent work in solids has focused on dramatic conductivity changes in superconducting solids. Superconducting solids have resistivities that are identically zero below some transition temperature [1, 9, 10]. These systems caimot be characterized by interactions over a few atomic species. Rather, the phenomenon involves a collective mode characterized by a phase representative of the entire solid. 

Extended defects range from well characterized dislocations to grain boundaries, interfaces, stacking faults, etch pits, D-defects, misfit dislocations (common in epitaxial growth), blisters induced by H or He implantation etc. Microscopic studies of such defects are very difficult, and crystal growers use years of experience and trial-and-error teclmiques to avoid or control them. Some extended defects can change in unpredictable ways upon heat treatments. Others become gettering centres for transition metals, a phenomenon which can be desirable or not, but is always difficult to control. Extended defects are sometimes cleverly used. For example, the smart-cut process relies on the controlled implantation of H followed by heat treatments to create blisters. This allows a thin layer of clean material to be lifted from a bulk wafer [261. 

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