Cerebral microbleeds

Lee SH, Bae HJ, Kwon SJ et al (2004) Cerebral microbleeds are regionally associated with intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurology 62 72-76... 

Cerebral microbleeds are seen frequently in patients with primary intracerebral hemorrhage, less commonly in patients with ischemic stroke and rarely in healthy controls (Cordonnier et al. 2007). Risk factors for cerebral microbleeds include hypertension, increasing age, diabetes, cerebral amyloid angiopathy and, less commonly, cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with silent infarcts and leukoaraiosis (CADASIL) (Cordoimier et al. 2007). It is unclear whether previous use of antiplatelet agents or anticoagulants is a risk factor for cerebral microbleeds. 

Fan YH, Zhang L, Lam WWM et al. (2003). Cerebral microbleeds as a risk factor for subsequent intracerebral haemorrhages among patients with acute ischemic stroke. Stroke 34 2459-2462. 

The few pathological data available indicate that cerebral microbleeds are small areas of old hemorrhage, often associated with lipohyalinosis in the deep perforating arteries feeding the affected area of the brain (Fazekas et al. 1999). It is unclear whether the presence of microbleeds increases the risk of intracerebral hemorrhage in patients treated with antiplatelet or anticoagulant therapy (Cordonnier et al. 2007) although they seem not to be associated with increased risk in thrombolysis (Ch. 11). 

Wen HM, Lam WW, Rainer T et al (2004). Multiple acute cerebral infarcts on diffusion-weighted imaging and risk of recurrent stroke. Neurology 63 1317-1319 Werring DJ, Coward LJ, Losseff NA et al (2005). Cerebral microbleeds are common in ischemic stroke but rare in TTA. Neurology 65 1914-1918... 

Cerebral microbleeds are regionally associated with intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurology 62 72-76... 

Taguchi Y, Takashima S, Hirano K, Dougu N, Toyoda S, Tanaka K (2007) Cerebral microbleeds identified by diffusion weighted MR imaging in a case of acute ischemic stroke. Intern Med 46 1275-1276... 

Detection of Microbleeds. A second disadvantage of using CT rather than MR imaging for stroke assessment is the decreased sensitivity for detection of cerebral microbleeds compared with gradient-echo sequences. Microbleeds detected on T2 -weighted MR imaging, however, have been shown not to be a contraindication to thrombolysis [97]. 

Kim, H.S., et al., Multiple cerebral microbleeds in hyperacute ischemic stroke impact on prevalence and severity of early hemorrhagic transformation after thrombolytic treatment. AIR Am J Roentgenol, 2006. 186(5) p. 1443-9. 

Nervous system The association between cerebral microbleeds and the risk of recurrent hemorrhagic stroke in patients who have taken warfarin after cerebral embolic strokes associated with atrial fibrillation has been studied in 87 patients [6. Microbleeds were more common in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage than in those with cerebral infarction (87% versus 39%) and there were more of them per patient (8.4 versus 2.1). The mean INR was higher in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage (2.2 versus 1.4), as was the frequency of... 

In contrast, in 141 patients with ischemic strokes taking warfarin therapy and 105 controls, there were cerebral microbleeds in 31 patients (22%) and 17 controls (16%), a non-significant difference [8 ]. 

Ueno H, Naka H, Ohshita T, Kondo K, Nomura E, Ohtsuki T, Kohriyama T, Wakabayashi S, Matsumoto M. Association between cerebral microbleeds on T2 -weighted MR images and recurrent hemorrhagic stroke in patients treated with warfarin following ischemic stroke. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2008 29(8) 1483-6. 

Lee SH, Ryu WS, Roh JK. Cerebral microbleeds are a risk factor for warfarin-related intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurology 2009 72(2) 171-6. 

Orken DN, Kenangil G, Uysal E, Forta H. Cerebral microbleeds in ischemic stroke... 

Darweesh SK, Leening MJ, Akoudad S, Loth DW, Hofman A, Ikram MA, et al. Clopidogrel use is associated with an inaeased prevalence of cerebral microbleeds in a stroke-free population the rotterdam study. J Am Heart Assoc September 26,2013 2(5) e000359. http //dx.doi. org/10.1161/JAHA.113.000359. 

Millon et al. monitored plaque inflammation in atherosclerotic rabbits using a combined PET/MR scanner. Proton magnetic resonance metabolomic characterization of ovarian serous carcinoma was performed by Vettukattil et for diagnostic purposes. Pan et using NMR lipidomic approach, noticed increased unsaturation of lipids in cytoplasmic lipid droplets in DAOY cancer cells in response to cisplatin treatment. Akoudad et examined formation of cerebral microbleeds associated with the progression of ischemic vascular lesions, while Kos-tara et followed the progression of coronary heart disease NMR-based lipidomic analysis of blood lipoproteins. 

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