Ceramic forms for nuclear waste

While each of the above technologies offers certain unique advantages, those common to ceramic immobilization include a relative ease in fabrication, a high capacity for actinides or heavy metals compared to other technologies, the capacity for flexibility of feedstock, the ability to add neutron absorber materials for nuclear waste applications, and the ability to control the properties of the final waste form. 

Solomah, A. G. Matzke, Hj. 1989. Leaching studies of synroc crystalline ceramic waste forms. In Lutze, W. Ewing, R. C. (eds) Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management XII. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings, 127, 241-248. 

Altenhein, F. K., Lutze, W. Malow, G. 1981. The mechanisms for hydrothermal leaching of glass and glass-ceramic nuclear waste forms. In MOORE, J. G. (ed) Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management III. Plenum Press, New York, USA, 363-370. 

Dacheux N, Clavier N, Le Coustumer P, Podor R (in press) Immobilization of tetravalent actinides in the TPD structrrre. Proc 10th Inti Ceramics Congress. Vincenzini P (ed) Techna Publishers, Florence, Italy Davis DD, Vance ER, McCarthy GJ (1981) Crystal chemistry and phase relations in the synthetic miner s of ceramic waste forms. II. Studies of uranirrm-containing monazites. In Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management, vol. 3. Moore JG (ed) Plentrm Press, New York, p 197-200 Day DE, Wu Z, Ray CS, Hrma P (1998) Chemically durable iron phosphate glass waste forms. J Non-Crystalline Solids 241 1-12... 

Yang LJ, Komameni S, Roy R (1984) Titanium phosphate (NTP) waste form. In Nuclear Waste Management. Wicks GG, Ross WA (eds) Adv Ceramics 8 255-262 Zhao DG, Li LY, Davis LL, Weber WJ, Ewing RC (2001) Gadolinium borosilicate glass-bonded Gd-silicate apatite A glass-ceramic nuclear waste form for actinides. Hart KP, Lumpkin GR (eds) Mater Res Soc Proc 663 199-206... 

Lumpkin, G. R., Smith, K. L., Gier6, R. Williams, C. T. 2004. Geochemical behaviour of host phases for actinides and fission products in crystalline ceramic nuclear waste forms. In Giere, R. Stille, P. (eds). Energy, Waste, and the Environment a Geochemical Perspective. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 236, 89-111. 

Roy, R., Vance, E. R. Alamo, J. 1982. [NZP] a new radiophase for ceramic nuclear waste forms. Materials Research Bulletin, 17, 585-588. 

Geochemical behaviour of host phases for actinides and fission products in crystalline ceramic nuclear waste forms... 

The use of ion exchange resins and natural or synthetic inorganic exchange materials in the nuclear industry is well documented ( ). In the waste solidification application, the titanates or niobates offer no unique sorption properties. They do, however, provide a relatively high overall sorption capacity for a variety of nuclides in materials which can be converted into a stable ceramic host for the sorbed ions. After the sorption process, the column bed must be consolidated to reduce surface area. The project emphasis was directed toward a stable waste form and a considerable effort was devoted to producing and characterizing a highly dense form with favorable physical, chemical and thermal properties (l ). 

Ewing RC, Chakoumakos BC, Lumpkin GR, Murakami T, Greegor RB, Lytle FW (1988) Metamict minerals natural analogues for radiation damage effects in ceramic nuclear waste forms. Nucl Instr Meth B32 487-497... 

Ewing RC, Weber WJ, Lutze W (1995a) Crystalline ceramics waste forms for the disposal of weapons plutonium. In Disposal of Weapon Plutonium Approaches and Prospects. Merz ER, Walter CE (eds) Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrechf The Netherlands, p 65-83 Ewing RC, Weber WJ, Chnard FW, Jr (1995b) Radiation effects in nuclear waste forms for high-level radioactive waste. Progress Nucl Energy 29 63-112... 

Marsden, K., C. Knight, K. Bateman, B. Westphal, and P. Lind. 2005. Process and equipment qualification of the ceramic and metal waste forms for sp>ent fuel treatment. GLOBAL 2005 Proceedings of the International Conference. Nuclear Energy Systems for Future Generation and Global Sustainability, Paper No. 585. October 9-13. Tsukuba, Japan Atomic Energy Society of Japan. 

Ceramics is a specialty held of materials engineering that includes tradirional and advanced ceramics, which are inorganic, nonmetalhc solids typically created at high temperatures. Ceramics form components of various products used in multiple industries, and new applicarions are constantly heing developed. Examples of these components are rotors in jet engines, containers for storing nuclear and chemical waste, and telescope lenses. 

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