Centre for Evidence Based

Strength of recommendation A based on a meta-analysis or at least one randomized controlled trial. Strength of recommendation B based on at least one well-designed study, including case control and comparative studies. Strength of recommendation C based on expert reports or opinion (levels of evidence and strength of recommendation. Oxford (UK) Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine. Available at http //www.cebm.net/levels of evidence.asp (accessed December 8,2008). 

For more background, teaching and help on the practice of EBM the database at the Centre for Evidence Based Medicine (CEBM 2008) can be of help. 

CEBM (2008) Centre for Evidence Based Medicine. www.cebm.utoronto.ca/resources/cds.htm be. Cited 30 Dec 2008... 

NHS Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine National Institute for Clinical Excellence (UK) Primary Care Clinical Practice Guidelines Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN) The NHS Centre for Reviews and Dissemination TRIP Database UK Cochrane Centre Virtual library... 

Evidence ranking level for etiology depends on the design and quality of studies. The highest level is ranked la and decreases downward. Table modified from the Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine Levels of Evidence website (www.cebm.net/index.aspx o=1025), produced since November 1998 by Bob Phillips, Chris Ball, Dave Sacked, Doug Badenoch, Sharon Straus, Brian Haynes, Martin Dawes. Updated by Jeremy Howick in March 2009. 

Grayson, L. (2002). Evidence based policy and the quality of evidence rethinking peer review. London ESRC UK Centre for Evidence Based Policy and Practice. 

See MeReC Briefing No. 28 (National Prescribing Centre, 2005) for further details of the evidence base relating to statins and also the Cholesterol Treatment Trialists (CTT) Collaborators (2005) meta-analysis. 

Clinical Knowledge Summaries are designed to provide health care providers, particularly those in primary care with answers on managing common conditions encountered in primary care. They are a reliable source of evidence-based information and practical know how about these conditions. CKS provides advice on which patients should be referred to hospital for management (Centre for Change and Innovation, 2005). 

Online materials to support teaching of evidence-based health care, including the Users Guides to Evidence-Based Practice, are now supported through the Centres for Health Evidence at http //www.cche.net. Table 3-4 summarizes the key elements to be... 

Butler and Ginley have explored the properties of p-GaP in some detail. The stability of the material in acid and base solutions is poor, and the photoresponse is seriously reduced by the presence of surface states, which act as efficient recombination centres. Additional evidence for these surface states comes from measurements of the sub-band-gap response of GaP photoelectrodes, and Butler and Ginley argue convincingly that the same bulk state controls the electroluminescence efficiency of GaP. 

The efficacy of Osteoset as a bone graft substitute has been questioned [32] and the evidence base for use in treating diabetic ulcer infections is sparse but anecdotally UK and USA centres are reporting positive results. This is clearly an area for further research. 

Guimer, J., Lee, E. Grapper, M. (2004) Processes and Issues for Improving Access to Medicines The Evidence Base for Domestic Production and Greater Access to Medicines, DFID Health Systems Resource Centre, London. 

Participation by the enolate anion could, in principle, act via either the anionic carbon or oxygen. The former, however, is known to be considerably the more nucleophilic centre. The latter would give rise to a lactone, which would be rapidly hydrolysed under the usual conditions of excess base to give the identical final product. There is no evidence for the occurrence of such a process. 

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