Celsius

From L.F. Silvester and K.S. Pitzer. Thermodynamics of Geothermal Brines 1. Thermodynamic Properties of Vapor-Saturated NaCl (aq) Solutions From 0 -300°C , Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory Report LBL-4456. January 1976 

Using various types of experimental data. (i.e. freezing point depression, isopieatic, vapor pressure lowering, emf) Silvester and Pitzer regressed the data to fit into the Pitzer parameters  

For the 1-1 salt NaCl, the stoichiometric coefficients for the B s and C are equal to unity. The temperature dependent equations for calculating these parameters are  

From H.S. Harned and B.B. Owen, The Physical Cheroistry of Electrolytic Solutions, third edition. Reinhold Publishing Corporation, New York (1958) p. 729 

Harned and Owen presented tabulated values for the mean activity coefficient of NaOH for temperatures from 0 to 35 C, molalities from 0.05 to 4. 

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Fig. XV-1. Plots of t/CRT vs. C for a fractionated poly(methyl acrylate) polymer at the indicated temperatures in degrees Celsius. [From A. Takahashi, A. Yoshida, and M. Kawaguchi, Macromolecules, 15, 1196 (1982) (Ref. 1). Copyright 1982, American Chemical Society.]...

Fig. XV-6. Pressure-area isotherms for a synthetic lecithin at the indicated temperatures in degrees Celsius. [From H. E. Ries, Jr., M. Matsumoto, N. Uyeda, and E. Suito, Adv. Chem. Ser, No. 144, ACS, 1975, p. 286 (Ref. 37). Copyright 1975, American Chemical Society.]...

FIGURE 2 12 Boiling points of unbranched alkanes and their 2 methyl branched iso mers (Temperatures in this text are expressed in de grees Celsius C The SI unit of temperature is the kelvin K To convert degrees Celsius to kelvins add 273 15 )... 

Specific rotation is a physical property of a substance just as melting point boil mg point density and solubility are For example the lactic acid obtained from milk is exclusively a single enantiomer We cite its specific rotation m the form [a]o =+3 8° The temperature m degrees Celsius and the wavelength of light at which the measure ment was made are indicated as superscripts and subscripts respectively... 

All boiling points and melting points cited are in degrees Celsius... 

The column (or line entry) headed a gives the volume of gas (in milliliters) measured at standard conditions (0°C and 760 mm or 101.325 kN dissolved in 1 mL of water at the temperature stated (in degrees Celsius) and when the pressure of the gas without that of the water vapor is 760 mm. The line entry A indicates the same quantity except that the gas itself is at the uniform pressure of 760 mm when in equilibrium with water. 

Numerous mathematical formulas relating the temperature and pressure of the gas phase in equilibrium with the condensed phase have been proposed. The Antoine equation (Eq. 1) gives good correlation with experimental values. Equation 2 is simpler and is often suitable over restricted temperature ranges. In these equations, and the derived differential coefficients for use in the Hag-genmacher and Clausius-Clapeyron equations, the p term is the vapor pressure of the compound in pounds per square inch (psi), the t term is the temperature in degrees Celsius, and the T term is the absolute temperature in kelvins (r°C -I- 273.15). 

The SI unit of viscosity is pascal-second (Pa s) or newton-second per meter squared (N s m ). Values tabulated are mN s (= centipoise, cP). The temperature in degrees Celsius at which the viscosity of a... 

The temperature in degrees Celsius at which the dielectric constant and dipole moment were measured is shown in this table in parentheses after the value. In some cases, the dipole moment was determined with the substance dissolved in a solvent, and the solvent used is also shown in parentheses after the temperature. 

The coefficient k, expressed in J sec cm is the quantity of heat in joules, transmitted per second through a sample one centimeter in thickness and one square centimeter in area when the temperature difference between the two sides is one degree kelvin (or Celsius). The tabulated values are in microjoules. To convert to microcalories, divide values by 4.184. To convert to mW m divide values by 10. 

AHt, enthalpy of transition (at temperature specified, superscript, measured in degrees Celsius) in kJ mol ... 

The gas permeability constant is the amount of gas expressed in cubic centimeters passed in 1 s through a 1-cm area of film when the pressure across a film thickness of 1 cm is 1 cmHg and the temperature is 25°C. All tabulated values are multiplied by 10 and are in units of seconds" (centimeters of Hg) k Other temperatures are indicated by exponents and are expressed in degrees Celsius. 

The cryoscopic constant Kj gives the depression of the melting point AT (in degrees Celsius) produced when 1 mol of solute is dissolved in 1000 g of a solvent. It is applicable only to dilute solutions for which the number of moles of solute is negligible in comparison with the number of moles of solvent. It is often used for molecular weight determinations. 

The new international temperature scale, known as ITS-90, was adopted in September 1989. However, neither the definition of thermodynamic temperature nor the definition of the kelvin or the Celsius temperature scales has changed it is the way in which we are to realize these definitions that has changed. The changes concern the recommended thermometers to be used in different regions of the temperature scale and the list of secondary standard fixed points. The changes in temperature determined using ITS-90 from the previous IPTS-68 are always less than 0.4 K, and almost always less than 0.2 K, over the range 0-1300 K. 

When a thermometer which has been standardized for total immersion is used with a part of the liquid column at a temperature below that of the bulb, the reading is low and a correction must be applied. The stem correction, in degrees Celsius, is given by... 

The temperature is expressed ia degrees Celsius. The empirical equation for the Gibbs free energy change was found to be linear with temperature for AG° ia kJ/mol, Tia Kelvin. 

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